Consumer Reports

Consumer Reports (CR), formerly Consumers Union (CU), is an American nonprofit consumer organization dedicated to independent product testing, investigative journalism, consumer-oriented research, public education, and consumer advocacy.^[1] In 2025, Phil Radford became the organization’s president and chief executive officer (CEO).^[2]

Consumer Reports, Inc.

Founded	February 1936; 89 years ago (1936-02) (as Consumers Union)
Founders	Arthur Kallet Colston Warne
Type	Nonprofit organization
Location	101 Truman Avenue Yonkers, New York, U.S. 10703
Key people	Phil Radford, President and CEO
Revenue	$238 million (2024)
Employees	550+ (2025)
Website	www.consumerreports.org

Founded in February 1936, the organization has more than five million members and publishes content through both its website and a magazine, also called Consumer Reports. These are subscription-based and provide reviews, ratings, recommendations, and advice across a wide range of products and services. The organization has also been included in other digital platforms.^[3]

Consumer Reports' flagship website and magazine publishes reviews and comparisons of consumer products and services based on reporting and results from its in-house testing laboratory and survey research center. CR accepts no advertising, pays for all the products it tests, and as a nonprofit organization has no shareholders. It also publishes general and targeted product/service buying guides.

History

Consumers Want to Know, a 1960 documentary on Consumer Reports

Advertisement for the first issue of Consumer Reports from the Communist Party's arts and contemporary politics magazine, The New Masses

Founded in 1936, CR was created to serve as a source of information that consumers could use to help assess the safety and performance of products.^[4][5] Since that time, CR has continued its testing and analysis of products and services and advocated for the consumer in legislative and rule-making areas.^[6] Among the reforms in which CR played a role were the advent of seat belt laws,^[7] exposure of the dangers of cigarettes,^[8] and more recently, the enhancement of consumer finance protection, the increase of consumer access to quality health care, and data privacy and security protections.^[9][10] Consumer Reports advocacy efforts focus on improving product safety and public health, saving people money, including energy and utilities, and ensuring consumers’ digital privacy and security.^{[11][12][13][14][15]}

Founding and early years

In 1927, F.J. Schlink and Stuart Chase published their best selling novel, Your Money's Worth, which saw massive readership due to the consumer movement. The demand for brand research led to Schlink to found the company Consumers' Research in 1927. The company was responsible for publishing Consumers’ Research Bulletin (previously named Consumer Club Commodity List). The subscriber count in 1933 was reported to be over 42,000. It was in this year, that Consumer Research moved its operations to New York City. Following this move, employees began to unionize, citing unfair pay. Schlink proceeded to fire the strikers. The former Consumers' Research employees, teamed up with "journalists, engineers, academics, and scientists" to found the company Consumers Union—now known as Consumer Reports—in February 1936.^[16] Consumers Union differentiated themselves from Consumers' Research by establishing a community amongst readers. Within the overall mission of creating more informed consumers, Consumers Union united with women's clubs and citizen groups, creating a progressive message. Consumers Union would surpass Schlink's Consumers' Research in subscribers by 1940, accumulating a readership of 71,000.^[17]

Resistance

Numerous businesses and corporations set out to suppress the actions of Consumers Union. In an effort to suppress the critiques of Consumers' Union, The New York Herald Tribune established an institute with the goal of demonstrating that the efforts of consumers groups were futile, in that businesses already conducted extensive product-testing.^[18] The Crowell Institute on Consumer Relations founded in 1937, sprouted from the forum Woman's Home Companion, which had a readership of 2 million. The institute suppressed the efforts of consumer groups by giving business and advertisers the platform to putdown the consumers' pursuit of "lower distribution costs, grade labeling, and regulation," asserting that these businesses were already taking these factors into account.^[19] The New York Times proved to be an obstacle for Consumers Union, refusing CU's requests to advertise. Other major publications would follow suit.^[20]

Additional suppression came later from the House Un-American Activities Committee (created in 1938), which placed Consumers Union on a list of “subversive” organizations.^[21] This was because of the organization’s association with labor leaders, and its refusal to use advertising,^[22][21] with the latter point seen as a plot against free enterprise. Consumers Union was later removed from the list, and the plot against it instead served to bolster public opinion for Consumers Union.^[21][22]

Role in consumer movement

Consumers Union established themselves as an advocate for consumer rights during the interwar years. The rise of Consumers Union happened simultaneously with women's groups interest in consumption. Despite the mobilization of citizens interested in consumption, the pursuit of consumer rights were not validated until the New Deal. The programs represented an acknowledgment of the consumer movement, by actively working to improve consumer purchaser power.^[23]

In World War II, Consumer Union took a stance in support of the war effort. They urged their supporters to put aside their personal interest by consuming less, and following the government ordered policies of consumption. They were also critical of businesses who saw the war period as an opportunity to advertise their products and as a result were wasting paper.^[24] The government's vested interest in the politics of consumption would escalate in the postwar period. Government would encourage to consume both through propaganda as well as the protections instituted to promote individual consumption.^[25]

Consumer Reports has helped start several consumer groups and publications, in 1960 helping create global consumer group Consumers International and in 1974 providing financial assistance to Consumers' Checkbook which is considered akin to Consumer Reports for local services in the seven metropolitan areas they serve.

Consumer Reports’ advocates helped pass the U.S.’s first “right to repair” law in New York. This law gives consumers more choice in how they can get tech products fixed, rather than requiring them to work with only manufacturers or a manufacturer’s preferred repair service.^[26]

Consumer Reports raised concerns about consumer protection in light of the many AI-powered voice cloning tools available. The organization called on the Federal Trade Commission to take steps to expand enforcement and restrictions.^[27][28]

Rating Method and Impact

Harvey balls – red/black modification used by Consumer Reports

Consumer Reports formerly used a modified form of Harvey balls for qualitative comparison. The round ideograms were arranged from best to worst. On the left of the diagram, the red circle indicated the highest rating, the half red and white circle was the second highest rating, the white circle was neutral, the half black circle was the second-lowest rating, and the entirely black circle was the lowest rating possible.^[29]

As part of a wider rebranding of Consumer Reports in September 2016, the appearance of the magazine's rating system was significantly revamped. The Harvey balls were replaced with new color-coded circles: green for excellent; lime green for very good; yellow for good; orange for fair; and red for poor. It was stated that this new system will help improve the clarity of ratings tables by using a "universally understood" metaphor.^[30][31]

Rating and review methods

As of 2025, Consumer Reports had published more than 10,000 independent ratings and reviews of products and services.^[32]

The organization uses secret shoppers to purchase all rated products at online and retail prices on behalf of the organization.^[33][34] They do so anonymously, and CR accepts no free samples in order to limit bias from bribery and to prevent being given better than average samples.^[33][35][36]

Once purchased, Consumer Reports has dozens of specialized labs to review everything from exercise equipment to phones and TVs to food.^[21] Every purchased product goes through rigorous, standardized tests.^[21][34][32] CR also regularly collects data from member surveys, and factors that information into its ratings.^[37]

For most of CR's history, it minimized contact with government and industry experts "to avoid compromising the independence of its judgment".^[38] In 2007, in response to errors in infant car seat testing, it began accepting advice from a wide range of experts on designing tests, but not on final assessments.^[38] Also, at times CR allows manufacturers to review and respond to criticism before publication.^[39][21][34] This sometimes leads to redesigns or recalls.^[21]

Some objective and comparative tests published by Consumer Reports are carried out under the umbrella of the international consumer organization International Consumer Research & Testing.^[40] Consumer Reports also uses outside labs for testing, including for 11 percent of tests in 2006.^[38]

• 
  Testing electric light longevity and brightness testing
• 
  Television testing laboratory
• 
  Product testing headphones in an anechoic chamber

Impact of Testing & Investigations

The Consumer Reports auto test track in East Haddam, Connecticut

In the July 1978 issue, Consumer Reports rated the Dodge Omni/Plymouth Horizon automobile "not acceptable", the first car it had judged such since the AMC Ambassador in 1968. In its testing they found the possibility of these models' developing an oscillatory yaw as a result of a sudden violent input to the steering; the manufacturer claimed: "Some do, some don't" show this behavior, but it has no "validity in the real world of driving".^[41] Nevertheless, the next year, these models included a lighter weight steering wheel rim and a steering damper, and Consumer Reports reported that the previous instability was no longer present.

In a 2003 issue of CR, the magazine tested the Nissan Murano crossover utility vehicle and did not recommend the vehicle because of a problem with its power steering, even though the vehicle had above-average reliability. The specific problem was that the steering would stiffen substantially on hard turning. CR recommended the 2005 model, which had addressed this problem.^{[citation needed]}

BMW changed the software for the stability control in its X5 SUV after replicating a potential rollover problem discovered during a CR test.^[42]

In 2010, CR rated the 2010 Lexus GX 460 SUV unsafe after the vehicle failed one of the magazine's emergency safety tests. Toyota temporarily suspended sales of the vehicle, and after conducting its own test acknowledged the problem and issued a recall for the vehicle, which later passed a CR re-test.^[43]

In 2016, CR found wildly inconsistent battery life in its testing of Apple's 2016 MacBook Pro. This led to the discovery of a bug in the Safari web browser, which Apple promptly fixed via a software update.^[44]

In May 2018, CR said it could not recommend the Tesla Model 3 due to concerns about the car's long stopping distance. Within days, Tesla issued a remote software update.^[45] CR retested the car's brakes, then gave the Model 3 a "recommended" rating.^[46]

Consumer Reports found security vulnerabilities in video doorbells manufactured by Eken Group Ltd. and sold under various brand names.^[47][48] After CR shared its investigation, Eken issued a firmware fix.^[49]

In 2019, Fisher-Price recalled all of its Rock ‘n Play sleepers, approximately 4.7 million, after CR published an investigation that found the product was tied to at least 32 infant deaths since 2009.^[50][51]

In 2024, Kraft Heinz Lunchables made for U.S. schools were pulled from school lunch programs due to low demand.^[52][53] A few months prior, CR had published its investigation into the school Lunchables, sharing that it had found relatively high levels of lead, cadmium, and sodium present.^[53][52]

Editorial independence

Consumer Reports is well known for its policies on editorial independence, which it says are to "maintain our independence and impartiality ... [so that] CR has no agenda other than the interests of consumers".^[54][39] CR has unusually strict requirements and sometimes has taken extraordinary steps; for example it declined to renew a car dealership's bulk subscription because of "the appearance of an impropriety".^[55]

Consumer Reports does not allow outside advertising in the magazine,^[54][39] but its website has retailers' advertisements. Consumer Reports states that PriceGrabber places the ads and pays a percentage of referral fees to CR,^[56] who has no direct relationship with the retailers.^[57] Consumer Reports publishes reviews of its business partner and recommends it in at least one case.^[58] CR had a similar relationship with BizRate at one time^[59] and has had relationships with other companies including Amazon.com,^[60] Yahoo!,^[61] The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post,^[62] BillShrink,^[63] and Decide.com.^[64] CR also accepts grants from other organizations.^[65]

Publications

Consumer Reports

Consumer Reports cover dated November 2016
Editor-in-Chief	Ellen Kunes, Editorial Director, Digital & Print
Categories	Consumer advocacy
Frequency	Monthly
Circulation	3,800,000
Publisher	Consumer Reports
First issue	May 1936; 89 years ago (1936-05)[66]
Country	United States
Language	English
Website	www.consumerreports.org
ISSN	0010-7174

Digital and Print Magazine

Consumer Reports publishes content through its digital platforms and produces a print magazine.^[67]

The print magazine has been published since May 1936.^[21] Its first cover story was a report on the difference between Grade A and Grade B milk. Consumer Reports’ researchers found the two types of milk to be identical, and therefore did not recommend consumers spend more buying Grade A milk.^[21]

Television and podcasts

In 1990, Consumer Reports launched Consumer Reports Television.^[68] Like the rest of CR’s services, Consumer Reports TV accepts no advertising.^[68] It produces monthly news reports as well as specials, such as, "Buy Me That," from 1989, which discussed how TV advertising can mislead children.^[68] As of 2025, Consumer Reports produces its own podcasts in addition to videos for local broadcast and Telemundo stations.^[34] Digital content is also shared across the organization’s website, Amazon, Apple TV, MSN.com, and social media channels, including YouTube.^[34]

Previous publications

ShopSmart

On August 1, 2006, Consumer Reports launched ShopSmart,^[69] a magazine aimed at young women.^[70] The magazine’s last issue was produced in August/September 2015.^[71]

The Consumerist Blog

In 2008, Consumer Reports acquired The Consumerist blog from Gawker Media.^[72] It was shuttered in 2017, and its content folded into the Consumer Reports website.^[73]

Magazine copies distributed in Canada include a small four-page supplement called "Canada Extra", explaining how the magazine's findings apply to that country and lists the examined items available there.

Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs

Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs is available free on Consumer Reports Health.org. It compares prescription drugs in over 20 major categories, such as heart disease, blood pressure and diabetes, and gives comparative ratings of effectiveness and costs, in reports and tables, in web pages and PDF documents, in summary and detailed form.^[74]

Penny Power/Zillions

Consumer Reports published a kids' version of Consumer Reports called Penny Power in 1980, later changed in August 1990 to Zillions.^[75] This publication was similar to Consumer Reports but served a younger audience. At its peak, the magazine covered close to 350,000 subscribers.^[76] It gave children financial advice for budgeting their allowances and saving for a big purchase, reviewed kid-oriented consumer products (e.g., toys, clothes, electronics, food, videogames, etc.), and generally promoted smart consumerism in kids and teens; reviews of products came from kids of the age range a product was targeted toward. It also taught kids about deceitful marketing practices practiced by advertising agencies. The magazine folded in 2000.^[77]

Consumer Reports WebWatch

In 2001, Consumer Reports launched the grant-funded project Consumer Reports WebWatch, which aimed to educate consumers about online scams and other dangers.^[78] WebWatch was backed by The Pew Charitable Trusts, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, and the Open Society Institute.^[78] In 2009, WebWatch was shut down.^[78]

Funding

Grants

Consumer Reports occasionally receives grants from other organizations to be used toward specific research projects. For example, in 2012, the Pew Charitable Trust provided Consumer Reports with a grant so the organization could examine food for carcinogens, heavy metal contamination, and pathogens.^[37][65]

In 2021, the organization received a $375,000 grant from an environmental group, the Climate Imperative Foundation, to examine gas stoves and indoor air quality.^[37][79] After completing its study, Consumer Reports published an article entitled "Is Your Gas Range a Health Risk?" ^[80] published on October 4, 2022.^[37] The organization included a note that the study was funded in part by a grant from the Climate Imperative Foundation. Other organizations that have provided grants include the Hewlett Foundation and the Ford Foundation.^[81][82] Ford has provided grants totaling more than $1 million in recent years.^[83]

Donations

Consumer Reports receives donations from individuals and organizations to fund various projects.^[10][84] In June 2019, Craig Newmark’s foundation, Craig Newmark Philanthropies, gave the organization $6 million to test internet-connected products for data privacy and security.^[10] This is done through the organization’s Innovation Lab.^[10][85]

Another donor is the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which donated to Consumer Reports’ Digital Standard project.^[86] This project created a set of digital rights and protections for which to evaluate manufacturers and advocate for consumer protections.^[86]

Lawsuits against Consumer Reports

Consumer Reports has been sued several times by companies unhappy with reviews of their products. Consumer Reports has fought these cases vigorously.^{[87][page needed]} As of October 2000, Consumer Reports had been sued by 13 manufacturers and never lost a case.^[88][89]

Bose

In 1971, Bose Corporation sued Consumer Reports (CR) for libel after CR reported in a review that the sound from the system it reviewed "tended to wander about the room".^[90] The case eventually reached the United States Supreme Court, which affirmed in Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. that CR's statement was made without actual malice and therefore was not libelous.^[91][92][93]

Suzuki

Main article: Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of the U.S., Inc.

In 1988, Consumer Reports announced during a press conference that the Suzuki Samurai had demonstrated a tendency to roll and deemed it "not acceptable". Suzuki sued in 1996 after the Samurai was again mentioned in a CR anniversary issue. In July 2004, after eight years in court, the suit was settled and dismissed with no money changing hands and no retraction issued, but Consumers Union did agree to no longer refer to the 16-year-old test results of the 1988 Samurai in its advertising or promotional materials.^[94]

Rivera Isuzu

In December 1997, the Isuzu Trooper distributor in Puerto Rico sued CR, alleging that it had lost sales as a result of disparagement of the Trooper by the Consumers Union of the United States (CU). A trial court granted the motion for summary judgment by the CU, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirmed the favorable judgment.^[95]

Sharper Image

In 2003, Sharper Image sued CR in California for product disparagement over negative reviews of its Ionic Breeze Quadra air purifier. CR moved for dismissal on October 31, 2003, and the case was dismissed in November 2004. The decision also awarded CR $525,000 in legal fees and costs.^[96][97]

Controversial findings

Child safety seats

The February 2007 issue of Consumer Reports stated that only two of the child safety seats it tested for that issue passed the organization's side impact tests.^[98][99] The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which subsequently retested the seats, found that all those seats passed the corresponding NHTSA tests at the speeds described in the magazine report.^[98][99] The CR article reported that the tests simulated the effects of collisions at 38.5 mph. However, the tests that were completed in fact simulated collisions at 70 mph.^[98][99] The tests were run by an outside lab which misinterpreted CR’s request.^[38] Because of this, the tests were run as if the struck vehicle moved at 38mph after being struck (which would require it to be hit while driving 70mph), rather than as if it was going 38mph when struck.^[68][98][13]

CR retracted its report and sent letters and emails to its millions of subscribers to apologize.^[38][98][99] The organization stated in a letter from its president Jim Guest to its subscribers that it would retest the seats.^[99] On January 28, 2007, The New York Times published an op-ed from Joan Claybrook, who served on the board of CR from 1982 to 2006 and was the head of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration from 1977 to 1981, where she discussed the sequence of events leading to the publishing of the erroneous information.^[13] This included looking at CR’s actions as well as that of the highway safety administration, which, at the time, had not designed a test for side-impact collisions.^[13]

Iams dog food

In February 1998, the organization tested pet food and claimed that Iams dog food was nutritionally deficient. It later retracted the report claiming that there had been "a systemic error in the measurements of various minerals we tested – potassium, calcium and magnesium".^[100]

Hybrid vehicles

In 2006, Consumer Reports said six hybrid vehicles would probably not save owners money. The organization later discovered that it had miscalculated depreciation and released an update stating that four of the six vehicles would save the buyers money if the vehicles were kept for five years (and received the federal tax credit for hybrid vehicles, which expired after each manufacturer sold 60,000 hybrid vehicles).^[101]

Leadership and structure

Prominent consumer advocate Ralph Nader was on the board of directors, but left in 1975 due to a "division of philosophy" with the organization.^[102][85] Nader wanted Consumer Reports to focus on policy and product advocacy, while Karpatkin focused on product rating and reviews.^[88] Karpatkin was appointed executive director in 1974 and retired as president in the early 2000s.^[88][103]

In 2023, Consumer Reports had an annual budget of over US$30 million, which supported 60 labs and teams of engineers and other employees.^[104][21]

In January 2025, Consumer Reports named Phil Radford as its next president and CEO.^[2] Radford was previously chief strategy officer at Sierra Club, CEO of Greenpeace, and worked with the Public Interest Research Group and Public Citizen.^[2] Consumer Reports had over 5 million members as of April 2025.^[37]

See also

• Consumer protection
• Consumer education
• Australian Consumers' Association
• Consumers' Institute of New Zealand
• Consumers International
• Consumers' Research
• Euroconsumers and ICRT International Consumer Research and Testing
• Good Housekeeping Institute
• Stiftung Warentest
• UFC Que Choisir, France's most important consumers' group.
• Underwriters Laboratories
• Which?