Cotton Fields

"Cotton Fields (The Cotton Song)" (also known as In Them Old Cotton Fields Back Home) is a song written by American blues musician Huddie Ledbetter, better known as Lead Belly, who made the first recording of the song in 1940.

Early versions

Recorded by Lead Belly in 1940, "Cotton Fields" was introduced into the canon of folk music via its inclusion on the 1954 album release Odetta & Larry which comprised performances by Odetta^[1] at the Tin Angel nightclub in San Francisco with instrumental and vocal accompaniment by Lawrence Mohr; this version was entitled "Old Cotton Fields at Home". The song's profile was boosted via its recording by Harry Belafonte first on his 1958 album Belafonte Sings the Blues, with a live version appearing on the 1959 concert album Belafonte at Carnegie Hall. Belafonte had learned "Cotton Fields" from Odetta and been singing it in concert as early as 1955. A #13 hit in 1961 for The Highwaymen, "Cotton Fields" served as an album track for a number of C&W and folk-rock acts including Ferlin Husky (The Heart and Soul of Ferlin Husky 1963), The Delltones (Come A Little Bit Closer 1963), Buck Owens (On the Bandstand 1963), the New Christy Minstrels (Chim-Chim-Cheree 1965) and the Seekers (Roving With The Seekers 1964). Odetta also made a new studio recording of the song for her 1963 album One Grain of Sand. The Springfields included "Cotton Fields" on a 1962 EP release; this version is featured on the CD On an Island of Dreams: The Best of the Springfields. "Cotton Fields" was also recorded by Unit 4+2 for their Concrete and Clay album (1965). A rendering in French, "L'enfant do", was recorded in 1962 by Hugues Aufray and Petula Clark.

The Beach Boys cover

"Cottonfields"
Single by the Beach Boys
from the album 20/20
B-side	"The Nearest Faraway Place"
Released	April 20, 1970
Recorded	November 18–19, 1968 (album version) August 8 & 15, 1969 (single version)
Length	2:21 (album version) 3:05 (single version)
Label	Capitol
Songwriter(s)	Huddie Ledbetter
Producer(s)	Brian Wilson Al Jardine (album) The Beach Boys (single)
The Beach Boys singles chronology
"Add Some Music to Your Day" (1970) "Cottonfields" (1970) "Slip on Through" (1970)
Licensed audio
"Cotton Fields (The Cotton Song)" on YouTube

American rock band the Beach Boys first recorded "Cottonfields" on November 18–19, 1968. The track (with Al Jardine on lead vocals) debuted on the group's 1969 album 20/20. It was Jardine's idea for the band to cover the song. He explained:

I first heard [the song] in the mid-'50s. I loved Lead Belly's vocals and of course his 12-string guitar sound but it was really his heartfelt emotional lyrics written during the Great Depression that affected me. I was determined to record a new version for the Beach Boys at a time when we were going off in quite a few different musical directions.^[2]

Dissatisfied with Brian Wilson's baroque pop-influenced arrangement of the song, Jardine prevailed upon the group to record a new version (inspired by the contemporaneous vogue for country rock, as exemplified by such acts as the Flying Burrito Brothers, Stone Poneys and Michael Nesmith & the First National Band) in August 1969. The re-recording featured notable session musician and longtime Nesmith collaborator Orville "Red" Rhodes on pedal steel guitar. Retitled "Cottonfields", the second iteration afforded the Beach Boys their most widespread international success while also denoting the end of the group's hit-making career in the US (although they would enjoy periodic comebacks there). "Cottonfields" would be the Beach Boys' final single released by Capitol Records – the group's label since May 1962 – and their last single released in mono.

While underperforming in the U.S. (peaking at No. 103 in Billboard) despite a promotional appearance on the short-lived variety show Something Else, the song succeeded across the Atlantic, reaching No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart (and No. 2 on the Melody Maker chart^[3]) and later listed as the tenth-biggest seller of the year by the New Musical Express. Outside of North America, it nearly replicated the success of the group's "Do It Again" two years before, peaking at No. 1 in Australia and Norway; No. 2 in Denmark, South Africa and Sweden; No. 3 in Ireland; No. 12 in the Netherlands; No. 13 in New Zealand; and No. 29 in West Germany. Because of this popularity, it was placed on the international release of the group's Sunflower album. The single achieved sales of over 50,000 copies in Australia, being eligible for the award of a Gold Disc.^[4]

The single was initially only issued in mono, though a reprocessed stereo mix opened international issues of the Sunflower album. It was remixed into stereo for the 2001 compilation Hawthorne, CA. A further stereo remix found on the Feel Flows box set opens with Al Jardine's son trying to count off the song with the help of his father. Unlike the older stereo mix, this version recreates the reverb effect on the opening vocals.

Chart history

Chart (1970)	Peak position
Australia (Go-Set)[5]	1
Australia (Kent Music Report)[6]	1
Denmark (IFPI)[7]	2
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[8]	21
Germany (GfK)[9]	29
Ireland (IRMA)[10]	3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[11]	12
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[12]	13
New Zealand (Listener)[13]	13
Norway (VG-lista)[14]	1
Rhodesia (Lyons Maid)[15]	5
South Africa (Springbok)[16]	2
Sweden (Kvällstoppen)[17]	2
UK Singles (OCC)[18]	5
UK Melody Maker Pop 30[19]	2
UK New Musical Express Top 30[20]	3
US Bubbling Under the Hot 100 (Billboard)[21]	103
US Cash Box Top 100[22]	101
US Record World Top 100[23]	95

Personnel

Sourced from Craig Slowinski.^[24][25]

Album version

The Beach Boys

• Al Jardine – lead vocals, banjo
• Brian Wilson – backing vocals, piano, Rhodes piano, producer, arrangement

Additional personnel

• Hal Blaine – drums
• Ed Carter – guitar, electric bass
• Lyle Ritz – upright bass
• Bill Peterson, Virgil Evans, Roy Caton – horns
• Al Vescovo – banjo, guitar

Single version

The Beach Boys

• Al Jardine – lead vocals, guitar, producer, arrangement
• Bruce Johnston – keyboards
• Mike Love - vocals
• Brian Wilson – vocals
• Carl Wilson – guitar
• Dennis Wilson – drums

Additional personnel

• Frank Capp – percussion
• Ed Carter – bass
• Daryl Dragon – keyboards
• Orville "Red" Rhodes – pedal steel guitar
• Bill Peterson, Fred Koyen, David Edwards, Ernie Small – horns
• The Beach Boys – producer

Creedence Clearwater Revival cover

"Cotton Fields"
Single by Creedence Clearwater Revival
from the album Willy and the Poor Boys
Released	1969
Recorded	1969
Genre	Roots rock Southern rock[26] country rock[27]
Length	2:57
Songwriter(s)	Huddie Ledbetter

Creedence Clearwater Revival included their cover of "Cotton Fields" as the third track on their 1969 album Willy and the Poor Boys. Their version hit No. 1 in Mexico in 1970.

Certifications

Certifications for "Cotton Fields"

Region	Certification	Certified units/sales
New Zealand (RMNZ)[28]	Gold	15,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Covers

• Bill Monroe 1962, Decca Records DL4266
• In 1962, The Highwaymen (folk band) recorded their version, which peaked at #13 on the US Hot 100 and #3 on the Easy Listening chart.^[29]
• The Angels in 1963 that went to No. 119 in the US
• Esther & Abi Ofarim performed "Cotton Fields" live on television in 1963 and 1969. They recorded a German version, "Wenn ich bei Dir sein kann", in 1964, which reached the Top 10 in West Berlin.^[30]

Lyrics

The original lyrics, written by Lead Belly, state that the fields are "down in Louisiana, just ten miles from Texarkana". Later versions (e.g., Creedence Clearwater Revival's) say the fields are "down in Louisiana, just about a mile from Texarkana". While the twin cities of Texarkana (in Texas and in Arkansas) are about 30 miles north of the Arkansas–Louisiana border,^[31][32][33] the larger Texarkana metropolitan area directly abuts the Arkansas-Louisiana state line.