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Ford River Rouge complex
Historic automobile factory in Michigan, US From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Ford River Rouge complex (commonly known as the Rouge complex, River Rouge, or The Rouge) is a Ford Motor Company automobile factory complex located in Dearborn, Michigan, along the River Rouge, upstream from its confluence with the Detroit River at Zug Island. Construction began in 1917, and when it was completed in 1928, it was the largest integrated factory in the world, surpassing Buick City, built in 1904.
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Site and buildings
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Henry Ford purchased the future site of the Rouge Complex in 1915 with plans to build a bird sanctuary. Plans shifted to manufacturing following a federal request to the Ford Motor Company to produce warships. 'Building B', the first building on the property, was built to fulfill the request.[3]
The Rouge complex measures 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide by 1 mile (1.6 km) long, including 93 buildings with nearly 16 million square feet (1.5 km2) of factory floor space. With its own docks in the dredged Rouge River, 100 miles (160 km) of interior railroad track, its own electricity plant, and integrated steel mill, the titanic Rouge was able to turn raw materials into running vehicles within this single complex, a prime example of vertical-integration production.[3][4]
Some of the River Rouge buildings were designed by architect Albert Kahn, such as its glass plant in 1925, which replaced Ford's glass production site in Highland Park, Pittsburgh. It measures 760 feet long and 240 feet wide, and its walls features large glass panels.[5] Khan also designed the tire plant.[6] Completed January 30, 1938, it measures 802 feet in length and 240 feet in width and features a butterfly roof and, similarly to the glass plant, has large glass panels in its walls.[5]
In summer 1932, through Edsel Ford's support, Mexican muralist Diego Rivera was invited to study the facilities at the Rouge. These studies informed his set of murals known as the Detroit Industry Murals.[4]
The Ford Company provides free tours of the facility via bus.[7] They ran from 1924 to 1980, at their peak hosting approximately a million visitors per year. They resumed in 2004, in cooperation with The Henry Ford Museum, with multimedia presentations, as well as a viewing of the assembly floor. In 2017, the Rouge had 148,000 visitors.[8]
In September 2020, Ford announced the construction of the Ford Rouge Electric Vehicle Center, costing $700,000,000 to build, for production of the Ford F-150 Lightning, an electric vehicle.[9] On May 18, 2021, then-president Joe Biden toured the plant and drove an F-150 Lightning before it entered the market. He endorsed electric vehicles during a speech at the plant.[10]
Green roof renovation
In 1999, architect William McDonough entered into an agreement with Ford Motor Company to redesign its 85-year-old, 1,212-acre (490 ha) Rouge River facility.[11] The roof of the 1.1-million-square-foot (100,000 m2) Dearborn truck assembly plant was covered with more than 10 acres (4.0 ha) of sedum, a low-growing groundcover. The sedum retains and cleanses rainwater and moderates the internal temperature of the building, saving energy.[11]
The roof is part of an $18 million rainwater treatment system designed to collect and clean rainwater annually, sparing Ford from a $50 million mechanical treatment facility.[12]
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Production history
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The plant's first products were Eagle-class patrol crafts for the United States Navy, which were never deployed during World War I. The production of the warships led to the widening of the River Rouge, also allowing lake freighters to fit in it. Ford produced tractors at the plant from 1921 to 1927, and following a five-month closue, began producing the Model A at the plant.[13] The plant also produced most of the parts of the Model T, with construction of the vehicles themselves happening in Highland Park.[3]
During World War II, the Rouge complex produced jeeps, aircraft engines, aircraft components and parts, tires, tubes and armor plates.[14]
The River Rouge complex manufactured most of the components of Ford vehicles, starting with the Model T. Many of the vehicles were compiled into "knock-down kits", then sent by railroad to various branch assembly locations across the United States in major metropolitan cities to be locally assembled, using local supplies as necessary.[4]
Throughout four decades, The Rouge produced multiple different Mustang models.[7] It was one of only three locations where Ford manufactured the Mustang; the other sites were Metuchen Assembly in Edison, New Jersey, and San Jose Assembly in Milpitas, California.[15]
In 2019, to celebrate the centennial of the Rogue Plant's opening, Ford produced the Mustang Shelby GT500 at the 2020 Ford Motor Show. At 700 horsepower, it is the most powerful street-legal vehicle.[16]
As of 2019, the Rogue Plant has produced F-150s,[17] and as of 2022, F-150 Lightnings.[9]
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Employment and unionization
At its peak, the Rogue plant employed as many as 100,000 employees.[7]
In March 1932, following mass layoffs, 4–5,000 former Rouge workers starved themselves and marched in protest, an event later called the Ford Hunger March.[18]
On May 26, 1937, a group of workers attempting to organize a union at the Rouge were severely beaten, an event later called the Battle of the Overpass. Peter E. Martin's respect for labor led to Walter Reuther, a United Auto Workers leader, allowing Martin to be the only Ford manager to retrieve his papers or gain access to the plant.[19] By 1947, the Rouge plant's union was led by Communist official James E. Jackson.[20] A caucus of the union to protect African American workers—who made up ~25% of employees—in 1949. The caucus' demands were denied, mainly with the use of red-baiting.[21] By 1960, 65% of the plant's employees were African American, with only 3.5% considered skilled laborers.[22]
Influences
The Rogue complex inspired Renault's 1920 Île Seguin factory,[23] GAZ's 1930s factory in the Soviet Union, Volkswagen's 1938 Wolfsburg factory in Germany, FIAT's 1939 (Mirafiori factory) in Italy as well as the later Hyundai factory complex in Ulsan, South Korea, which was developed beginning in the late 1960s.[24] With some of its buildings designed by architect Albert Kahn, River Rouge was designated as a National Historic Landmark District in 1978 for its architecture and historical importance to the industry and economy of the United States.[25]
In the early stages of the Soviet Union's industrialization, Ford participated in the development of an automobile production complex in Nizhny Novgorod, which drew influence from the River Rouge complex[26]: 39
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Current products made
- Ford F-Series (1948–present)[17]
- Ford F-150 Lightning (2022–present)[9]
Former products made
- Eagle-class patrol craft (1918–1919)[3]
- Fordson tractor (1921–1928)
- Ford Model T parts only (1920s)
- Ford Model A (1927–1932)[3][17]
- Ford Model B (1932–1934)
- Ford Model 48 (1935–1936)
- 1937 Ford (1937–1940)
- 1941 Ford (1941–1942, 1946–1949)
- 1949 Ford (1949–1951)
- 1952 Ford (1952–1954)
- Ford Fairlane (1955–1961)
- Ford Thunderbird (1955–1957)
- Ford Mustang (1964–2004)[17]
- Mercury Capri (1979–1986)
- Mercury Cougar (1966–1973)
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See also
References
External links
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