Demak–Portuguese conflicts

The Demak–Portuguese conflicts were a series of military engagements between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Demak Sultanate from 1512 to 1527.

Demak–Portuguese conflicts
Part of Portuguese colonization of Indonesia
Atlas Miller map, including Insulindia, c. 1519
Date 1512–1527 Location Malaysia & Indonesia
Belligerents
Kingdom of Portugal Portuguese Malacca Others: Sunda Kingdom	Demak Sultanate Duchy of Banten Cirebon Sultanate Others: Malacca Sultanate
Commanders and leaders
Fernão de Andrade Francisco de Sá Duarte Coelho Surawiesa	Raden Patah Pati Unus † Fatahillah Maulana Hasanuddin[1][2]

Background

The fall of Malacca in 1511 AD to the Portuguese actually provided significant benefits for trade activities in the capital of Demak However, this did not mean there was no concern or awareness regarding their presence.^[3]

The Portuguese domination of the strait made many trading ships hesitant to pass through Malacca when transporting goods, fearing that their cargo would be plundered. As a result, traders from the Nusantara region sought alternative routes for trade, opting to pass through the Sunda Strait and then westward along the western coast of Sumatra.^[4]

Battle of Malacca, 1512

In 1512, Raden Patah, the Sultan of Demak, launched an attack on Malacca to prevent the Portuguese from entering the region. However, the attempt failed, and by 1513, the Portuguese had successfully seized Malacca.^[5][6]

Battle of Malacca, 1513

In A.D. 1513 (Heg. 919), Pati Unus, a Malay chief from Java, launched an attempt to reclaim Malacca from the Portuguese. He set sail with a fleet of 90^[7]–100^[8][9] ships and an army of 5,000^[8][9] troops, later reinforced to 12,000.^[7][9]

Malacca was under the governor Fernão Pires de Andrade, who, with three hundred and fifty Europeans and some natives aboard seventeen galleys, confronted Pati Unus's fleet. The Portuguese drove the forces toward the Moar river, where they sunk and burned most of the vessels. Pati Unus barely escaped and had lost eight thousand men and sixty of his largest ships.^[7]

Battle of Malacca, 1521

After succeeding Sultan Raden Patah as the second Sultan of Demak, Pati Unus led a second expedition to Malacca with 375 ships in 1521. However, this second assault on the Portuguese would fail, and the Sultan would die in battle, earning him the title "Pangeran Sabrang Lor".^[8][10]

Conquest of Sunda Kelapa, 1527

Main article: Conquest of Sunda Kelapa

In 1527, Fatahillah led an attack on Sunda Kelapa with 1,452 troops and Bantenese volunteers. The Sundanese king kept most of his forces in the palace, leaving only a small garrison to defend the port. The Demak fleet and army launched a siege by land and sea, pushing back the defenders and capturing Sunda Kelapa on June 22. Fatahillah renamed the city Jakarta.^[11][12]

Meanwhile, a Portuguese fleet of five^[13] or six^[14] ships, led by Francisco de Sá and Duarte Coelho, unknowingly sailed toward Sunda Kelapa.^[11] A storm scattered the fleet, and Coelho arrived first with three ships. One vessel ran aground, and its crew was ambushed, killing 30.^[15]