Directional freezing

Directional freezing freezes from only one direction.

Directional freezing can freeze water, from only one direction or side of a container, into clear ice.^[1][2][3]

Directional freezing in a domestic freezer can be done by putting water in a insulated container so that the water freezes from the top down, and removing before fully frozen, so that the minerals in the water are not frozen.^[4]

F Hoffmann La Roche AG, Roche Diagnostics GmbH has a 2017 directional freezing patent for drying solid material.^[5]

See also

• Aquamelt
• Clear ice
• Hydrogel
• Freeze-casting§Static vs. dynamic freezing profiles
• Molecular self-assembly

Further reading

• Zhang, Haifei; Hussain, Irshad; Brust, Mathias; Butler, Michael F.; Rannard, Steven P.; Cooper, Andrew I. (1 October 2005). "Aligned two- and three-dimensional structures by directional freezing of polymers and nanoparticles". Nature Materials. 4 (10): 787–793. Bibcode:2005NatMa...4..787Z. doi:10.1038/nmat1487. PMID 16184171. S2CID 26987500.
• Arav, Amir; Natan, Yehudit (November 2009). "Directional Freezing: A Solution to the Methodological Challenges to Preserve Large Organs". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 27 (6): 438–442. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1241052. PMID 19806511. S2CID 9479359.
• Munier, Pierre; Gordeyeva, Korneliya; Bergström, Lennart; Fall, Andreas B. (9 May 2016). "Directional Freezing of Nanocellulose Dispersions Aligns the Rod-Like Particles and Produces Low-Density and Robust Particle Networks". Biomacromolecules. 17 (5): 1875–1881. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00304. PMID 27071304.
• Bahari, Liat; Bein, Amir; Yashunsky, Victor; Braslavsky, Ido (15 February 2018). "Directional freezing for the cryopreservation of adherent mammalian cells on a substrate". PLOS ONE. 13 (2): e0192265. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392265B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192265. PMC 5813933. PMID 29447224.
• El Kadi, Khadije; Adeyemi, Idowu; Janajreh, Isam (December 2021). "Application of directional freezing for seawater desalination: Parametric analysis using experimental and computational methods". Desalination. 520: 115339. Bibcode:2021Desal.52015339E. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2021.115339. S2CID 239073390.
• Zhang, Tongxin; Wang, Lilin; Wang, Zhijun; Li, Junjie; Wang, Jincheng (28 January 2021). "Single Ice Crystal Growth with Controlled Orientation during Directional Freezing". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 125 (3): 970–979. arXiv:2012.04183. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11028. PMID 33459018. S2CID 227737465.
• Ortner, Teresa S. (December 2022). "Bi-directional freezing affords elastic and durable artificial tooth enamel". Communications Chemistry. 5 (1): 50. Bibcode:2022CmChe...5...50O. doi:10.1038/s42004-022-00663-x. PMC 9814660. PMID 36697685. S2CID 247924578.
• Li, Xiaolong; Ling, Shangwen; Zeng, Li; He, Hanna; Liu, Xingang; Zhang, Chuhong (April 2022). "Directional Freezing Assisted 3D Printing to Solve a Flexible Battery Dilemma: Ultrahigh Energy/Power Density and Uncompromised Mechanical Compliance". Advanced Energy Materials. 12 (14): 2200233. Bibcode:2022AdEnM..1200233L. doi:10.1002/aenm.202200233. ISSN 1614-6832. S2CID 247100187.