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Exhaustion by compact sets

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In mathematics, especially general topology and analysis, an exhaustion by compact sets[1] of a topological space is a nested sequence of compact subsets of (i.e. ), such that each is contained in the interior of , i.e. , and .

A space admitting an exhaustion by compact sets is called exhaustible by compact sets.[2]

As an example, for the space , the sequence of closed balls forms an exhaustion of the space by compact sets.

There is a weaker condition that drops the requirement that is in the interior of , meaning the space is σ-compact (i.e., a countable union of compact subsets.)

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Construction

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If there is an exhaustion by compact sets, the space is necessarily locally compact (if Hausdorff). The converse is also often true. For example, for a locally compact Hausdorff space that is a countable union of compact subsets, we can construct an exhaustion as follows. We write as a union of compact sets . Then inductively choose open sets with compact closures, where . Then is a required exhaustion.

For a locally compact Hausdorff space that is second-countable, a similar argument can be used to construct an exhaustion.

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Application

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For a Hausdorff space , an exhaustion by compact sets can be used to show the space is paracompact.[3] Indeed, suppose we have an increasing sequence of open subsets such that and each is compact and is contained in . Let be an open cover of . We also let . Then, for each , is an open cover of the compact set and thus admits a finite subcover . Then is a locally finite refinement of

Remark: The proof in fact shows that each open cover admits a countable refinement consisting of open sets with compact closures and each of whose members intersects only finitely many others.[3]

The following type of converse also holds. A paracompact locally compact Hausdorff space with countably many open connected components is a countable union of compact sets[4] and thus admits an exhaustion by compact subsets.

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Relation to other properties

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The following are equivalent for a topological space :[5]

  1. is exhaustible by compact sets.
  2. is σ-compact and weakly locally compact.
  3. is Lindelöf and weakly locally compact.

(where weakly locally compact means locally compact in the weak sense that each point has a compact neighborhood).

The hemicompact property is intermediate between exhaustible by compact sets and σ-compact. Every space exhaustible by compact sets is hemicompact[6] and every hemicompact space is σ-compact, but the reverse implications do not hold. For example, the Arens-Fort space and the Appert space are hemicompact, but not exhaustible by compact sets (because not weakly locally compact),[7] and the set of rational numbers with the usual topology is σ-compact, but not hemicompact.[8]

Every regular Hausdorff space that is a countable union of compact sets is paracompact.[citation needed]

Notes

References

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