Fagales

The Fagales are an order of flowering plants in the rosid group of dicotyledons, including some of the best-known trees. Well-known members of Fagales include: beeches, chestnuts, oaks, walnut, pecan, hickory, birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, she-oaks, and southern beeches. The order name is derived from genus Fagus (beeches).

Fagales Temporal range: Late Cretaceous–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Fagus sylvatica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Clade:	Fabids
Order:	Fagales Engl.[1]
Families
Betulaceae Casuarinaceae Fagaceae Juglandaceae Myricaceae Nothofagaceae Ticodendraceae
Synonyms
Betulales Martius Carpinales Döll Casuarinales Berchtold & J. Presl Casuarinanae Reveal & Doweld Corylales Dumortier Faganae Takhtajan Juglandales Berchtold & J. Presl Juglandanae Reveal Juglandineae Thorne & Reveal Myricales Martius Myricineae Thorne & Reveal Nothofagales Doweld Quercales Burnett Rhoipteleales Reveal

Systematics

Fagales include the following seven families, according to the APG III system of classification:^[1]

• Betulaceae – birch family (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya, and Ostryopsis)
• Casuarinaceae – she-oak family (Allocasuarina, Casuarina, Ceuthostoma, and Gymnostoma)
• Fagaceae – beech family (Castanea, Castanopsis, Chrysolepis, Fagus, Lithocarpus, Notholithocarpus, Quercus, and Trigonobalanus)
• Juglandaceae – walnut family (Alfaroa, Carya, Cyclocarya, Engelhardia, Juglans, Oreomunnea, Platycarya, Pterocarya, and Rhoiptelea)
• Myricaceae – bayberry family (Canacomyrica, Comptonia, and Myrica)
• Nothofagaceae – southern beech family (Nothofagus)
• Ticodendraceae – ticodendron family (Ticodendron)

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:^{[1][citation needed]}

	Cucurbitales (outgroup) Fagales Nothofagaceae Fagaceae Myricaceae Juglandaceae Ticodendraceae Betulaceae Casuarinaceae

The older Cronquist system only included four families (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae, Ticodendraceae; Corylaceae now being included within Betulaceae); this arrangement is followed by, for example, the World Checklist of selected plant families.^[2] The other families were split into three different orders, placed among the Hamamelidae. The Casuarinales comprised the single family Casuarinaceae, the Juglandales comprised the Juglandaceae and Rhoipteleaceae, and the Myricales comprised the remaining forms (plus Balanops). The change is due to studies suggesting the Myricales, so defined, are paraphyletic to the other two groups.

Characteristics

Most Fagales are wind pollinated and are monoecious with unisexual flowers.^[3]

Evolutionary history

The oldest member of the order is the flower Soepadmoa cupulata preserved in the late Turonian-Coniacian New Jersey amber, which is a mosaic with characteristics characteristic of both Nothofagus and other Fagales, suggesting that the ancestor of all Fagales was Nothofagus-like.^[3]