Fengning Manchu Autonomous County

Fengning Manchu Autonomous County (Chinese: 丰宁满族自治县; Manchu: ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡰᡥᡳ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ) is a Manchu autonomous county of northern Hebei province, bordering Beijing to the southwest and Inner Mongolia to the north, and lying under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengde.

Fengning County 丰宁县 ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ
Autonomous county
丰宁满族自治县 ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡰᡥᡳ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ Fengning Manchu Autonomous County
Bashang meadows
Fengning Location in Hebei
Coordinates: 41°12′N 116°39′E
Country	China
Province	Hebei
Prefecture-level city	Chengde
County seat	Dage
Area
• Total	8,765 km2 (3,384 sq mi)
Elevation	662 m (2,172 ft)
Population  (2020 census)[1]
• Total	326,353
• Density	37/km2 (96/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	068300
Area code	0314
Website	www.fengning.gov.cn

Fengning Manchu Autonomous County
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	丰宁满族自治县
Traditional Chinese	豐寧滿族自治縣
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Fēngníng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡰᡥᡳ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ
Möllendorff	feng ning manju uksura beye žhi siyan

It is the second-largest county of Hebei in terms of area, after the neighbouring Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County.

History

The one child policy was firmly implemented on Manchus in Fengning Manchu Autonomous County in Hebei where a rural Manchu farmer in 2009 reported he was only allowed to have one child.^[2][3]

Administrative divisions

The county has 1 subdistrict, 11 towns and 15 townships under its administration.^[4]

Subdistrict: Xinfenglu Subdistrict (新丰路街道) Towns: Dage (大阁镇) Datan (大滩镇) Yu'ershan (鱼儿山镇) Tucheng (土城镇) Huangqi (黄旗镇) Fengshan (凤山镇) Boluonuo (波罗诺镇) Heishanju (黑山咀镇) Tianqiao (天桥镇) Hulinying (胡麻营镇) Jiangjunying (将军营镇)

Townships: Wanshengyong Township (万胜永乡) Sichakou Township (四岔口乡) Sujiadian Township (苏家店乡) Waigoumen Township (外沟门乡) Caoyuan Township (草原乡) Kulongshan Township (窟窿山乡) Xiaobazi Township (小坝子乡) Wudaoying Township (五道营乡) Xuanjiangying Township (选将营乡) Xiguanying Township (西官营乡) Wangying Township (王营乡) Beitouying Township (北头营乡) Shirengou Township (石人沟乡) Tanghe Township (汤河乡) Yangmuzhazi Township (杨木栅子乡)

Geography

Geology

Fossil-bearing rocks of the Mesozoic Huajiying Formation and/or Yixian Formation occur on the surface. The prehistoric bird Paraprotopteryx was found in such a deposit.

Climate

Fengning has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with long, very cold and dry winters, and hot, humid summers, and the elevation depresses temperatures. The monthly 24-hour mean temperature in January is −10.6 °C (12.9 °F), and in July it is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F), while the annual mean is 7.2 °C (45.0 °F). More than half of the annual precipitation occurs in July and August alone.

Climate data for Fengning, elevation 735 m (2,411 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	9.2 (48.6)	17.8 (64.0)	28.4 (83.1)	32.6 (90.7)	37.5 (99.5)	37.6 (99.7)	40.5 (104.9)	36.8 (98.2)	35.2 (95.4)	29.3 (84.7)	20.2 (68.4)	13.7 (56.7)	40.5 (104.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−2.5 (27.5)	1.8 (35.2)	9.1 (48.4)	17.7 (63.9)	24.1 (75.4)	27.8 (82.0)	29.0 (84.2)	28.0 (82.4)	23.1 (73.6)	15.7 (60.3)	5.9 (42.6)	−1.5 (29.3)	14.9 (58.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−10.2 (13.6)	−6.3 (20.7)	1.2 (34.2)	9.7 (49.5)	16.4 (61.5)	20.5 (68.9)	22.7 (72.9)	21.2 (70.2)	15.4 (59.7)	7.8 (46.0)	−1.5 (29.3)	−8.8 (16.2)	7.3 (45.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−16.0 (3.2)	−12.8 (9.0)	−6.0 (21.2)	1.9 (35.4)	8.6 (47.5)	13.9 (57.0)	17.3 (63.1)	15.6 (60.1)	9.1 (48.4)	1.4 (34.5)	−7.2 (19.0)	−14.2 (6.4)	1.0 (33.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−27.4 (−17.3)	−28.5 (−19.3)	−26.0 (−14.8)	−11.9 (10.6)	−3.7 (25.3)	4.0 (39.2)	8.8 (47.8)	0.5 (32.9)	−3.3 (26.1)	−10.5 (13.1)	−23.6 (−10.5)	−26.8 (−16.2)	−28.5 (−19.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	0.9 (0.04)	3.4 (0.13)	6.8 (0.27)	19.8 (0.78)	40.8 (1.61)	84.2 (3.31)	129.5 (5.10)	85.6 (3.37)	58.5 (2.30)	22.5 (0.89)	8.6 (0.34)	1.5 (0.06)	462.1 (18.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	1.4	2.0	3.2	5.3	8.1	12.7	14.0	10.8	9.3	4.9	2.8	1.5	76
Average snowy days	2.7	2.8	3.7	1.7	0.1	0	0	0	0	0.8	3.2	2.4	17.4
Average relative humidity (%)	45	42	39	40	45	60	72	72	67	58	53	49	54
Mean monthly sunshine hours	207.7	208.6	246.4	252.3	277.5	242.0	228.3	236.8	230.4	226.6	198.0	195.4	2,750
Percentage possible sunshine	70	69	66	63	62	54	50	56	62	67	68	69	63
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[5][6]
Source 2: Weather China[7]

Economy

Site of a former temporary palace of Genghis Khan on northern grasslands of the county.

The county draws in many tourists as the Bashang Grasslands in the far north of the county is the nearest grasslands to Beijing.^[8] The cultivation of a local tourism is part of a broader regional development policy to support tourism as a primary industry in the Chengde area due to the environmentally friendly character of the industry going well with the goal of preserving the Chengde area's pristine environment, especially compared to the pollution problems besetting the rest of Hebei and also Beijing and Tianjin.^[8]

The county's primary tourist attraction are the horse ranches in the Datan grassland. Other highlights are the Dahan Palace of Genghis Khan and the Baiyun Ancient Cave.^[8] The height of the tourism season is in July and August when there are bonfire festivities filled with ethnic songs and dances, roasted whole lamb, and staged traditional sporting events like wrestling and archery.^[8]

Transport

Both China National Highway 111 and 112 pass through the county, with the former providing direct access to Beijing.