Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914

The Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914 was an Italian water-cooled medium machine gun produced from 1914 to 1918. It was the standard machine-gun of the Italian Army in World War I, and was used in limited numbers into World War II.^[1][2][3] The Fiat–Revelli Modello 1935 was an Italian machine gun, a modified version of the Modello 1914, which had equipped the Italian Army of World War I.^[4] It was a vast improvement on the early model, offering superior penetration power due to the adoption of belt fed 8mm (8×59) rounds. The Modello 35 also omitted the oil reservoir found on the earlier Modello 14. Later it was found that the new chamber still jammed and rounds had to be lubricated before use. Despite its faults the Modello 35 saw extensive action during World War II.^[5]

Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914

Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914
Type	Medium machine gun
Place of origin	Italy
Service history
In service	1914 – 1945
Used by	See § Users
Wars	List of conflicts World War I Vlora War 2nd Italo-Ethiopian War Spanish Civil War[6] World War II
Production history
Designer	Betel Abiel Revelli
Manufacturer	Fiat
Produced	1914 – 1918
No. built	~47,500
Specifications
Mass	43.4 kg (95.68 lb) (Fully loaded)[1] Gun: 17 kg (37.48 lb) Water: 3 kg (6.61 lb) Tripod: 22.4 kg (49.38 lb)
Length	1,180 mm (46.46 in)
Barrel length	654 mm (25.75 in)
Cartridge	6.5×52mm Carcano
Action	Delayed blowback
Rate of fire	Cyclic: 400–500 rounds/min[1] Practical: 250 rounds/min[1]
Muzzle velocity	800 m/s (2,620 ft/s)[1]
Effective firing range	1,000 m (1,100 yd)[1]
Maximum firing range	3,000 m (3,300 yd)[1]
Feed system	50-round strip-feed box magazine 100-round strip-feed box magazine
Sights	Front Blade[1] Adjustable Rear Leaf[1]

Overview

It was very similar to the Maxim in appearance (it had a similar-looking water-cooling jacket and tripod), even though its internal workings were entirely different.

The water jacket has an unusual and thoughtful feature – in addition to the standard filling plug on top, it has two drain plugs on the bottom. One is to relieve steam pressure into a condensing can (as with all water-cooled guns), and the other allows the use of a manual recirculating pump to move condensed water back into the jacket.^[2]

It was chambered for the 6.5×52mm Carcano, which eased logistics (as it was the same cartridge of the Carcano rifle) but made it somewhat underpowered compared to higher-calibre weapons, weighed 17 kg (37.48 lb) (the tripod weighed 22.4 kg (49.38 lb)) and had a firing rate of 400-500 rpm, rather low for this type of machine gun.^[7]

One feature was the presence of select-fire, which allowed for the choice between single shot, "normal" fire, and full automatic fire.

Magazine

Fiat-Revelli M1914 magazine.

The Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914 was fed from a 50-round or 100-round magazine referred to as a multi-column strip-feed box magazine (or “squirrel cage” magazine^[2]), divided into 10 or 20 separate columns, each holding 5 rounds under pressure with a separate spring. Loading could be done singly, or with a loading tool that allowe you to simultaneously load rounds into 5 of the columns.^[2]

The unit is inserted in the left side of the gun, and indexes on the first column of cartridges. Once they are all fired, the box is pulled inward and indexes on the next column, somewhat like a typewriter. This continues until the final column is fired, at which point the box falls out the right side of the gun and a new one can be inserted.^[2][3]

Despite being a fairly compact magazine, it had a multitude of problems:

• Flimsy construction — The magazines could easily be dented (in particular, when they fall out empty). Once dented, they would unlikely to work reliably. If any one of the ten recoil springs becomes weak, or any of the 20 feed lips is not quite right, the gun will malfunction.^[2]
• Lack of compatibility — These magazines had no compatibility with the 6-round Mannlicher type clips Italy was using in their Carcano rifles at the time.^[2][3]

This magazine system was changed in the later version of the Revelli, and not used by any other production guns ever.^[2]

Further development

Some sources claim that it had a cartridge-oiling system, but the weapon manual does not mention its presence, and it seems that only a 1930 version briefly incorporated such a system.^[8]

The machine gun saw some use within armored vehicles, such as the Ansaldo Light Tank Prototype 1931,^[9] a precursor to the L3/33 tankette.

It was developed into the Fiat–Revelli Modello 1935.

Users

•  Austria-Hungary
•  Germany
•  Italy
•  Yugoslavia

Fiat–Revelli Modello 1935

This section is an excerpt from Fiat–Revelli Modello 1935.[edit]

A Fiat-Revelli 35, mounted on its tripod.

The Fiat–Revelli Modello 1935 was an Italian machine gun, a modified version of the Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914, which had equipped the Italian Army of World War I.^[10] It was a vast improvement on the early model, offering superior penetration power due to the adoption of belt fed 8mm (8×59) rounds. The Modello 35 also omitted the oil reservoir found on the earlier Modello 14. Later it was found that the new chamber still jammed and rounds had to be lubricated before use. Despite its faults the Modello 35 saw extensive action during World War II.^[11]

Gallery

Fiat–Revelli Modello 1935

• 
  Italian soldiers aiming a Fiat-Revelli 35.
• 
  Italian soldiers firing a Fiat-Revelli 35.

See also

• Breda M37

Notes