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Isotopes of gadolinium

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Naturally occurring gadolinium (64Gd) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd and 160Gd, and 1 long-lived radioisotope, 152Gd, with 158Gd being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance). The predicted double beta decay of 160Gd has never been observed.

Quick Facts Main isotopes, Decay ...

Thirty-three radioisotopes have been characterized, with the three most stable being alpha emitters: 152Gd (naturally occurring) with a half-life of 1.08×1014 years, 150Gd with a half-life of 1.79×106 years, and 148Gd (theoretically not beta-stable) with a half-life of 86.9 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than a year, the majority of these having half-lives less than two minutes. There are also 10 metastable isomers, with the most stable being 143mGd (t1/2 = 110 seconds), 145mGd (t1/2 = 85 seconds) and 141mGd (t1/2 = 24.5 seconds).

The isotopes with atomic masses lower than the most abundant stable isotope, 158Gd, primarily decay by electron capture to isotopes of europium. At higher atomic masses, the primary decay mode is beta decay to isotopes of terbium.

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List of isotopes

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More information Nuclide, Z ...
  1. mGd  Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ()  Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. #  Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. Bold half-life  nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. #  Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  6. Bold italics symbol as daughter  Daughter product is nearly stable.
  7. Bold symbol as daughter  Daughter product is stable.
  8. () spin value  Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  9. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
  10. Theorized to also undergo β+β+ decay to 148Sm
  11. Theorized to also undergo β+β+ decay to 150Sm
  12. Theorized to also undergo β+β+ decay to 152Sm
  13. Believed to undergo α decay to 150Sm
  14. Believed to undergo α decay to 151Sm
  15. Believed to undergo ββ decay to 160Dy with a half-life over 3.1×1019 years
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Gadolinium-148

With a half-life of 86.9±3.9 year via alpha decay alone,[2] gadolinium-148 would be ideal for radioisotope thermoelectric generators. However, gadolinium-148 cannot be economically synthesized in sufficient quantities to power a RTG.[7]

Gadolinium-153

Gadolinium-153 has a half-life of 240.4±10 d and emits gamma radiation with strong peaks at 41 keV and 102 keV. It is used as a gamma ray source for X-ray absorptiometry and fluorescence, for bone density gauges for osteoporosis screening, and for radiometric profiling in the Lixiscope portable x-ray imaging system, also known as the Lixi Profiler. In nuclear medicine, it serves to calibrate the equipment needed like single-photon emission computed tomography systems (SPECT) to make x-rays. It ensures that the machines work correctly to produce images of radioisotope distribution inside the patient. This isotope is produced in a nuclear reactor from europium or enriched gadolinium.[8] It can also detect the loss of calcium in the hip and back bones, allowing the ability to diagnose osteoporosis.[9]

See also

Daughter products other than gadolinium

References

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