Gorgotoqui language

Gorgotoqui is an extinct language of the Chiquitania region of the eastern Bolivian lowlands. It may have been a Bororoan language.^[1]

Gorgotoqui
(unattested)
Native to	eastern Bolivia
Region	Chiquitania
Extinct	17th century
Language family	unclassified; Bororoan ?
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Linguist List	0is
Glottolog	None

Spellings

Alternate spellings include Borogotoqui, Brotoqui, Corocoqui, Corocotoqui, Corocotoquy, Corogotoqui, Corotoque, Gorgotaci, Gorgotoci, Gorgotoquci, Gorogotoqui, Guorcocoqui, Jorocotoqui, Korchkoki, Orotocoqui.^[2]: 22

History

During the period of the Jesuit missions to Chiquitos, Gorgotoqui was the most populous language in the area. It became a lingua franca and the sole language of the Jesuit missions (ICOMOS 1990:59). A Jesuit priest, Kaspar Rueß (Spanish: Gaspar Ruíz), 11 November 1585, Haunstadt, Bavaria – 12 April 1624, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (O'Neill & María 2001:3432; Huonder 1899:121) wrote a grammar, but no-one has been able to locate it "in recent years" (Adelaar & Muysken 2004:32), and no other documentation has survived. Thus a language that was regionally important during the colonial era disappeared under pressure from more successful indigenous peoples (Adelaar 2007:326); this appears to have occurred in under half a century (Alarcón 2001:101).

Classification

Loukotka (1968) classified Gorgotoqui as a language isolate, but Kaufman (1990) left it unclassified because of a lack of data. Several languages of the missions "had nothing in common" according to Oliva & Pazos (1895:15).^[3]

Bororoan affiliation

Combès (2010) suggests that Gorgotoqui may have been a Bororoan language.^[4] Nikulin (2019) suggests the etymology barogo- /barəkə-/ ‘animal’ + -doge /-toke/ ‘plural [+animate]’ for the ethnonym Gorgotoqui.^[2]

Combès (2012) also suggests that Penoquí was likely a name given to the Gorgotoqui during the 16th century, and that they were related to the Otuqui (Otuke); indeed, the Gorgotoqui may have been Otuqui who had undergone heavy Chiquitano cultural influence. The Penoqui and Otuqui both lived in the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos together with the Chiquitano.^[1]