Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup B-M60.

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup B
Possible time of origin	50,000 YBP
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia
Ancestor	R11'B B4'5'R11B6'R24
Descendants	B2,B4, B5, B6
Defining mutations	8281-8289d[1]

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.

The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.^[2]

Distribution

Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.^[3]

Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,^[4] as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.

A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.

Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia.^[5] However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks.^[6] This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran,^[6] Iraq,^[7] Japan, Korea, Laos,^[8] Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.^[9][10]

Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%).^[11][12][13] However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar),^[14] Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%),^[15] South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%),^[10] Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan),^[14] and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).^[16]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subtypes
Carolinian (Saipan)	1.000	17	[citation needed]	B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2
Hawaiians	0.994	160	[17]	B4a1a1, B4a1a1a1, B4a1a1a3
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.600	10	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.481	27	[citation needed]	B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.429	35	[citation needed]	B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1
Filipino	0.422	64	[11]	B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)	0.390	41	[citation needed]	B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)	0.375	24	[citation needed]	B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)	0.369	168	[18]	B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.368	19	[citation needed]	B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1
Filipino (Luzon)	0.367	177	[11]	B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.333	39	[citation needed]	B5a=8, B4a=5
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)	0.321	28	[citation needed]	B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1
Kinh (Vietnamese)	0.317	139	[citation needed]	B4=24, B5=19, B6=1
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)	0.313	32	[citation needed]	B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.300	40	[citation needed]	B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.293	41	[citation needed]	B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.280	25	[citation needed]	B4a=5, B5a=2
Filipino (Visayas)	0.277	112	[11]	B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.269	26	[citation needed]	B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1
Laos	0.262	214	[8]	B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g*=3, B4a1*=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4*=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1*=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.258	31	[citation needed]	B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)	0.250	32	[citation needed]	B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.250	32	[citation needed]	B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.250	16	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.244	45	[citation needed]	B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3
Filipino (Mindanao)	0.243	70	[11]	B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.238	42	[citation needed]	B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Han (Taiwan)	0.234	111	[citation needed]	B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.226	31	[citation needed]	B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.211	19	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Taipei, Taiwan)	0.209	91	[citation needed]	B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.206	102	[citation needed]	B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.204	103	[6]	B4=13, B5=8
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)	0.200	55	[citation needed]	B5=6, B4=5
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.200	15	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Han (Southern California)	0.192	390	[citation needed]	B=75
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.190	21	[citation needed]	B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)	0.190	137	[citation needed]	B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)	0.188	64	[citation needed]	B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)	0.184	103	[citation needed]	B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.182	33	[citation needed]	B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.182	11	[citation needed]	B4a=1, B4b1=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)	0.180	261	[citation needed]	B(xB5)=32, B5=15
Han (Taiwan)	0.179	1117	[citation needed]	B=200
CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado)	0.178	73	[citation needed]	B4=12, B5=1
Hui (Xinjiang)	0.178	45	[citation needed]	B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.175	40	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)	0.172	29	[citation needed]	B4b=3, B5a=2
Thailand	0.171	105	[citation needed]	B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.171	35	[citation needed]	B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.160	50	[citation needed]	B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)	0.156	160	[citation needed]	B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)	0.156	45	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)	0.155	633	[citation needed]	B=98
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)	0.150	20	[citation needed]	B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.149	47	[6]	B4=5, B5=2
Korean (South Korea)	0.148	203	[citation needed]	B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6
Korean (South Korea)	0.146	185	[10]	B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1
Vietnamese	0.143	42	[10]	B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1
Okinawa	0.141	326	[citation needed]	B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)	0.140	121	[citation needed]	B4=14, B5=3
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)	0.136	118	[citation needed]	B4=11, B5=5
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)	0.133	30	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō)	0.129	217	[citation needed]	B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5
Japanese (Tōkai)	0.124	282	[citation needed]	B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9
Japanese (Gifu)	0.121	1617	[citation needed]	B=196
Negidal	0.121	33	[14]	B5b2=4
Japanese (Tōhoku)	0.119	336	[citation needed]	B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1
Korean (northern China)	0.118	51	[10]	B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)	0.113	71	[6]	B4=8
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.111	18	[citation needed]	B4a=1, B5a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.111	54	[citation needed]	B4a=5, B5b=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)	0.109	256	[citation needed]	B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1
Japanese	0.109	211	[citation needed]	B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)	0.106	47	[citation needed]	B4b=4, B5b=1
Korean (Arun Banner)	0.104	48	[citation needed]	B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)	0.104	48	[citation needed]	B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Beijing)	0.100	40	[10]	B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.100	30	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Thai	0.100	40	[10]	B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.097	31	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.090	100	[15]	B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2
Khakassian (Khakassia)	0.088	57	[6]	B4=5
Han (Xinjiang)	0.085	47	[citation needed]	B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan)	0.085	47	[citation needed]	B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.085	47	[10]	B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1
Tuvan	0.084	95	[14]	B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.083	24	[citation needed]	B=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)	0.081	149	[16]	B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota)	0.076	105	[citation needed]	B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1
Manchurian	0.075	40	[10]	B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.075	40	[citation needed]	B=3
Uyghur (Penjim, Panfilov District, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)	0.073	55	[citation needed]	B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1
Buryat	0.071	126	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)	0.071	99	[6]	B4=5, B5=2
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.063	16	[citation needed]	B=1
Persian (eastern Iran)	0.061	82	[6]	B4=4, B5=1
Nogai (Dagestan)	0.061	33	[citation needed]	B=2
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)	0.057	35	[citation needed]	B=2
Kazakh (Kegen Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)	0.055	55	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.054	37	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.053	133	[citation needed]	B5a=7
Uzbek (Xinjiang)	0.052	58	[citation needed]	B4b1=2, B4c=1
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	[citation needed]	B=1
Filipino (Palawan)	0.050	20	[citation needed]	B4a1a=1
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	[citation needed]	B=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	[citation needed]	B=1
Shor (Kemerovo Oblast)	0.049	82	[6]	B4=4
Va (Simao, Yunnan)	0.045	22	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a)=1
Altai Kizhi	0.044	90	[6]	B4=3, B5=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.044	68	[citation needed]	B5a=2, B4b1=1
Tofalar	0.043	46	[14]	B4a1c2=2
Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan)	0.042	48	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1
Tubalar	0.042	72	[14]	B4b1a=3
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)	0.041	73	[6]	B4=3
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)	0.041	98	[16]	B5b2=3, B4c1b=1
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast)	0.040	25	[14]	B4d1a=1
Kazakh (Xinjiang)	0.038	53	[citation needed]	B4a=2
Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast)	0.038	53	[6]	B4=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)	0.036	110	[6]	B4=3, B5=1
Jetisu Kazakhstan	0.035	200	[19]	B4=4, B5=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)	0.034	29	[citation needed]	B4a=1
Buryat (Buryatia)	0.034	295	[6]	B4=9, B5=1
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)	0.029	35	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.028	36	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)	0.028	36	[citation needed]	B5a=1
Yakut (Yakutia)	0.028	36	[6]	B4=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)	0.025	40	[citation needed]	B5a=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)	0.025	40	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)	0.023	44	[citation needed]	B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)	0.021	47	[citation needed]	B(xB4, B5, B6)=1
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)	0.020	49	[citation needed]	B4b1=1
Ainu	0.020	51	[citation needed]	B4f1=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)	0.019	105	[6]	B4=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)	0.018	56	[citation needed]	B4a=1
Nogai (Nogaysky, Dagestan & Adyge-Khabalsky, Karachay-Cherkessia)	0.015	206	[citation needed]	B=3
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.014	74	[citation needed]	B4a=1
Yakut	0.012	423	[citation needed]	B4(xB4b1)=3 B4b1=1 B5b2=1
Bashkir	0.009	221	[citation needed]	B=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)	0.000	15	[6]	–
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	16	[citation needed]	–
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	[citation needed]	–
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	[citation needed]	–
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	[citation needed]	–
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	[citation needed]	–
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	[citation needed]	–
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.000	24	[citation needed]	–
Nganasan	0.000	24	[14]	–
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)	0.000	24	[citation needed]	–
Kurd (northwestern Iran)	0.000	25	[6]	–
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)	0.000	29	[citation needed]	–
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)	0.000	29	[citation needed]	–
Batak (Palawan)	0.000	31	[citation needed]	–
Ket	0.000	38	[14]	–
Tajik (Tajikistan)	0.000	44	[6]	–
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)	0.000	44	[citation needed]	–
Evenk (Buryatia)	0.000	45	[6]	–
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai)	0.000	46	[14]	–
Itelmen	0.000	47	[14]	–
Chuvash	0.000	55	[citation needed]	–
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)	0.000	56	[14]	–
Komi-Zyryans	0.000	62	[citation needed]	–
Mansi	0.000	63	[citation needed]	–
Chukchi	0.000	66	[14]	–
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan)	0.000	71	[14]	–
Tatar (Aznakayevo)	0.000	71	[citation needed]	–
Komi-Permyaks	0.000	74	[citation needed]	–
Siberian Eskimo	0.000	79	[14]	–
Ulchi	0.000	87	[14]	–
Mansi	0.000	98	[14]	–
Udmurt	0.000	101	[citation needed]	–
Mordvinian	0.000	102	[citation needed]	–
Khanty	0.000	106	[citation needed]	–
Yakut	0.000	117	[citation needed]	–
Tatar (Buinsk)	0.000	126	[citation needed]	–
Mari	0.000	136	[citation needed]	–
Koryak	0.000	155	[14]	–
Tatar	0.000	228	[citation needed]	–

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[1] and subsequent published research.

• B'R11'R24
  • B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
    • B4
      • B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
      • B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
        • B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province^[20]), Cambodia (Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han, Uyghur), Korea
        • B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh^[21])
          • B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp^[22])
            • B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp^[22])
              • B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
              • B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500] ybp^[22]) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville)^[23] the Polynesian motif,^{[24][25][26][27]} or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
                • B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp^[22]) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
                  • B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                    • B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
                      • B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
                    • B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
                    • B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
                  • B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
                    • B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
                    • B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
                  • B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
                  • B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
                  • B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
                  • B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
                  • B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
                  • B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
                  • B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
                  • B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
                    • B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
                    • B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
                  • B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
                  • B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
                  • B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
                  • B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
                  • B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
                • B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
                • B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
                • B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                • B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                • B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                • B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
                • B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
                • B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
                • B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
                • B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
                  • B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
                • B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
                • B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
                • B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
                • B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
                • B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
                • B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
                • B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                • B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
                • B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                • B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                • B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                • B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
                • B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
                • B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
                • B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
                • B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
                • B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
                • B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                • B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                • B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
              • B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
              • B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
                • B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
                  • B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
                    • B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
              • B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
              • B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
                • B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
              • B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
                • B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
              • B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
            • B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700] ybp^[22])
              • B4a1b'e* – China (Naxi, Nyingchi, etc.)
              • B4a1b – Korea, Japan
                • B4a1b1 – Korea, Japan
                  • B4a1b1a – Korea, Japan
              • B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam (Thái), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province,^[20] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand^[28])
            • B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay), Korea, Japan
              • B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
                • B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
                  • B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
              • B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
                • B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
                • B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province^[20])
                • B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
              • B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500] ybp^[22])
                • B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800] ybp^[22]) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic^[29]), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan^[30])
                • B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 [95% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200] ybp^[22]) – Japan, Korea, China
            • B4a1d – Vietnam
          • B4a2 – Japan
            • B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
              • B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
              • B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
              • B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
            • B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
              • B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
                • B4a2b1a – Japan
          • B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Tianjin, Japan (Aichi), Iran (Fars), Kuwait
          • B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
            • B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
            • B4a4b - China
            • B4a4c - Thailand
              • B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
            • B4a4d - China
            • B4a4e - China
              • B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
            • B4a4f - Japan
              • B4a4f1 - China
          • B4a5 – China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (H'Mông, Dao, Cờ Lao)
        • B4g
          • B4g1 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Rai, and Lampang provinces,^[20] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province^[20])
            • • Vietnam (Thái, Nùng, etc.)
            • B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
          • B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province,^[20] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,^[20] Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province,^[20] Htin in Phayao Province^[20])
        • B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province^[20])
          • B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province^[20]), Japan
        • B4i – China
          • B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
        • B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
        • B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
      • B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
        • B4b – Canada
          • B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
            • B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
              • B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
                • B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
                  • B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
                • B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
              • B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
              • B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
              • B2a4
                • B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
                  • B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
              • B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
            • B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
              • B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
              • B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
                • B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
              • B2b3 – Yanomama
                • B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
              • B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
            • B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada,^[31] modern Canada^[32]
              • B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                • B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                • B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                • B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
              • B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
                • B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                • B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
            • B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
            • B2f – USA (Mexican)
            • B2g
              • B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
              • B2g2
            • B2h – Ache
            • B2i
              • B2i1 – Kayapo
              • B2i2 – Chile
                • B2i2a – Mapuche
                  • B2i2a1 – Chile
                    • B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
                    • B2i2a1b – Chile
                • B2i2b – Chile
                  • B2i2b1 – Chile
            • B2j
            • B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
            • B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
            • B2m
            • B2n
            • B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
              • B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
                • B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
            • B2p – USA (Mexican)
            • B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
            • B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
            • B2s – USA (Mexican)
            • B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
            • B2u
            • B2v
            • B2w
            • B2x
            • B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
              • B2y1 – USA
          • B4b1
            • B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province),^[20] Korea, Japan
            • B4b1a
              • B4b1a* – China, Tubalar,^[14] Philippines, Indonesia
              • B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400] ybp^[22]) – Japan
                • B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp^[22]) – Japan
                  • B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
                  • B4b1a1b – Japan
                  • B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
                • B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600] ybp^[22]) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province^[20]), India
                  • B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province^[20]), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
                  • B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
                    • B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
                    • B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
                  • B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
                  • B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
                  • B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
                  • B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
                  • B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
                    • B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
                  • B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
                  • B4b1a2i
                    • B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)^{[citation needed]}
                    • B4b1a2i1
                      • B4b1a2i1*
                      • B4b1a2i1a
                        • B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
                          • B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
                    • B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                • B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000] ybp^[22]) – Han Chinese (Denver)
                  • B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)^[33]
                  • B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,900] ybp^[22])
                    • B4b1a3a* – Turk,^{[citation needed]} Altai Kizhi,^[16] Shor,^[16] Uyghur, Yakut^[34][33]
                    • B4b1a3a1 – Khamnigan,^[16] Buryat,^[16] Barghut^[16]
                    • B4b1a3a2 – Khamnigan^[16]
                    • B4b1a3a3 – Chuvash^[16]
                  • B4b1a3b
                    • B4b1a3b* – Buryat^[16]
                    • B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
            • B4b1b'c
              • B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou^[35]), Vietnam
              • B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700] ybp)
                • B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800] ybp)
                • B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100] ybp)
        • B4d
          • B4d1'2'3
            • B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat^[14]), China (Oroqen,^[33] Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
            • B4d1 – China (Miao, Daur from Qiqihar, Korean from Antu County, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou,^[35] Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)^[36]
              • B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)^[16]
            • B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
            • B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
              • B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
                • B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.), Korea^[37]
          • B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
        • B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces,^[20] Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province^[20]), Laos (Lao in Vientiane^[20]), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
        • B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan^[16]
      • B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
        • B4c1
          • B4c1a'b
            • B4c1a – China (Shandong, Lanzhou,^[35] Deng people, Sarikoli in Tashkurgan), Vietnam (La Hủ) (TMRCA 18,000 [95% CI 12,600 <-> 25,000] ybp^[22])
              • B4c1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi), Korea (South Jeolla^[22]) (TMRCA 12,000 [95% CI 8,300 <-> 16,700] ybp^[22])
                • B4c1a1a – Japan (Chiba, Aichi), Korea
                  • B4c1a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo), Korea
                    • B4c1a1a1a – Japan (Aichi, etc.)
                  • B4c1a1a2 – Japan (Aichi)
                • B4c1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea^[37]
                • B4c1a1c – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
              • B4c1a2 – Barghut,^[16] Buryat, Yakut (TMRCA 11,700 [95% CI 6,000 <-> 20,600] ybp^[22])
                • B4c1a2a – Barghut (Hulun Buir),^[16] Khamnigan, Kyrgyz (Artux) (TMRCA 3,200 [95% CI 700 <-> 9,300] ybp^[22])
            • B4c1b - Japan (Aichi), Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand
              • B4c1b1
                • B4c1b1* – Japan (Tokyo), Korea, USA
                • B4c1b1a – Japan (Tokyo)
              • B4c1b-A16335G
                • B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A
                  • B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A* – Vietnam (Tay, Kinh)
                  • B4c1b-C2380T
                    • B4c1b-C2380T* – Japan (Chiba)
                    • B4c1b-A200G/G16145A/C16189TC – Uyghur
                • B4c1b2 - Poland
                  • B4c1b2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province^[20]), China (Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou,^[35] etc.), Kazakh (Altai^[16])
                    • B4c1b2a1 – China (Zhejiang, etc.), Uyghur, Japan
                    • B4c1b2a2 – Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Philippines (Ivatan), South Africa, China
                      • B4c1b2a2a – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
                      • B4c1b2a2b – Philippines (Ivatan)
                  • B4c1b2b – Taiwan (Minnan), Han Chinese (Denver)
                  • B4c1b2c – China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Vietnam (Phù Lá, Tay), Cambodia (Siem Reap), Laos (Lao in Vientiane^[20]), Hazara (Pakistan)
                    • B4c1b2c1 – China (Han from Beijing), Taiwan (Minnan), Japan
                    • B4c1b2c2 – China, Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Vietnam (Kinh, La Hủ), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province^[20])
              • B4c1b3
                • B4c1b3* – Japan (Aichi)
                • B4c1b3a – Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province)^[20]
          • B4c1c
            • B4c1c* – China, Korea, Japan
            • B4c1c-T16311C!
              • B4c1c-T16311C!* – China, Japan
              • B4c1c1 – Japan,^[22] Korea,^[38] Singapore,^[22] Kyrgyzstan^[22]
                • B4c1c1a – Japan,^[22] Korea^[38]
                • B4c1c1b - Japan^[22]
        • B4c2
          • B4c2* – Thailand^[39] (Tai Lü in Northern Thailand,^[28] Thai in Western Thailand,^[28] Phuan in Phichit, Lopburi, and Sukhothai provinces,^[20] Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province,^[20] Saek in Nakhon Phanom Province,^[20] Soa in Sakon Nakhon Province^[20]), Laos (Lao in Luang Prabang^[20]), Indonesia (Banjar of Banjarmasin,^{[citation needed]} Besemah of Sumatra,^{[citation needed]} Jawa Timur^[22]), USA ("Caucasian"), Vietnam (La Hủ, Hà Nhì), Cambodia (Siem Reap, Battambang, Banteay Meanchey)
          • B4c2a
            • B4c2a* – Thai^[39]
            • B4c2a1 – Uzbek,^[40] Uyghur, China
          • B4c2b – Vietnam (Cham),^[18] Cambodia (Kampong Thom), Malaysia (Seletar), Indonesia (Banjar from Banjarmasin),^{[citation needed]} Netherlands
          • B4c2c – Thailand (Thai in Eastern Thailand, Tai Khün in Northern Thailand, Tai Lü in Northern Thailand),^[28] Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang),^[20] Cambodia (Kampong Thom), Vietnam (Tày, Nùng, Dao), Taiwan (Minnan),^[41] China (Tu,^[33] etc.)
          • B4c2d – Cambodia (Kampong Thom, Kratié)
          • B4c2e – Vietnam (La Hu)
          • B4c2f – Vietnam (Kinh),^[18] Thailand (Phuan)^[20]
          • B4c2g – Thailand (Phuan)^[20]
        • B4c3
          • B4c3* – China
          • B4c3a
            • B4c3a* – Vietnam (La Chí)
            • B4c3a1 – Vietnam (La Chí)
          • B4c3b – Vietnam (Lô Lô)
          • B4c3c – Vietnam (La Hủ)
      • B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama^[42])
        • B4f* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
        • B4f1 - Barghut,^[16] Korea^[37]
          • B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
          • B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
    • B5
      • B5* – China
      • B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province^[20]), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
        • B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province^[20]), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
          • B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos,^[20] Thailand,^[20] Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
            • B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
          • B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran^[43]
            • B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province^[20]), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane^[20]), China, Korea
          • B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province^[20]), Guyana
            • B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang^[20])
              • B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
                • B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
            • B5a1c2 – China (Han)
          • B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
        • B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
          • B5a2a
            • B5a2a1
              • B5a2a1a – China
              • B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
            • B5a2a2
              • B5a2a2* – China
              • B5a2a2a
                • B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
                • B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
              • B5a2a2b
                • B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
                  • B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
                • B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
      • B5b – Korea,^[37] China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
        • B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province^[20]), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
          • B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province^[20])
            • B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
            • B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
              • B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
          • B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
            • B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
              • B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
        • B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi,^[44] Altaian Kazakh^[16]), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut^[16]), Japan, Philippines
          • B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
            • B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
            • B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea,^[37] China (Tianjin^[22]), Buryat, Hezhen
              • B5b2a2a
                • B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
                • B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh of Sarawak),^[21] Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
          • B5b2b – Yakut
          • B5b2-C204T! - China (Han), Korea, Vietnam (Kinh)
            • B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
              • B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
        • B5b3
          • B5b3a – Japan (Aichi, early 11th century AD (Heian period) Yokohama,^[42] etc.), Korea, China
          • B5b3b – Japan
        • B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
        • B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
  • R11'B6
    • R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
      • R11a – Japan, China^[45]
      • R11b – China (Han from Qingdao,^[46] etc.), Tibet (Tingri^[47]), Korea,^[22] Japan^[45]
        • R11b1 – China (Han from Hunan^[22])
          • R11b1c - Altai Kizhi^[16][22]
        • R11b2 - China,^[22] Xibo^[22]
          • R11b2a - China,^[22] Thailand (Khmer from Surin Province^[20][22]), Vietnam (Kinh^[48][22])
        • R11b3 - China (Taihang area in Henan province^[49][22])
        • R11b4 - China (Han from Chongqing^[50][22])
    • B6
      • B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province^[20])
        • B6a1 – China, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province^[20]), Philippines
          • B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province^[20]), Malaysia (Temuan)
  • R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
    • R24a – Philippines

Popular culture

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.

See also

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population genetics
• Indigenous Amerindian genetics

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L0

L1–6

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

M

N

CZ

D

E

G

Q

O

A

S

R

I

W

X

Y

C

Z

B

F

R0

pre-JT

P

U

HV

JT

K

H

V

J

T