Haplogroup Z

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroup Z in Eurasia

Haplogroup Z
Possible time of origin	21,661.6 [95% CI 13,280.8 <-> 30,042.4] ybp[1] 24,900 [95% CI 15,900 <-> 34,400] ybp[2] 25,300 (95% CI 20,300 <-> 31,200) ybp[3]
Possible place of origin	Central Asia
Ancestor	CZ
Defining mutations	152 6752 9090 15784 16185 16260[4]

Origin

Haplogroup Z is believed to have arisen in Central Asia, and is a descendant of haplogroup CZ.

Distribution

The greatest clade diversity of haplogroup Z is found in East Asia and Central Asia. However, its greatest frequency appears in some peoples of Russia, such as Evens from Kamchatka (8/39 Z1a2a, 3/39 Z1a3, 11/39 = 28.2% Z total) and from Berezovka, Srednekolymsky District, Sakha Republic (3/15 Z1a3, 1/15 Z1a2a, 4/15 = 26.7% Z total), and among the Saami people of northern Fennoscandia. With the exception of three Khakasses who belong to Z4,^[5] two Yakut who belong to Z3a1,^[5] two Yakut, a Yakutian Evenk, a Buryat, and an Altai Kizhi who belong to Z3(xZ3a, Z3c),^[5] and the presence of the Z3c clade among populations of Altai Republic,^[5] nearly all members of haplogroup Z in North Asia and Europe belong to subclades of Z1. The TMRCA of Z1 is 20,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 34,000] ybp according to Sukernik et al. 2012,^[2] 20,400 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 33,800] ybp according to Fedorova et al. 2013,^[5] or 19,600 [95% CI 12,500 <-> 29,300] ybp according to YFull.^[3] Among the members (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, and Z7) of haplogroup Z, Nepalese populations were characterized by rare clades Z3a1a and Z7, of which Z3a1a was the most frequent sub-clade in Newar, with a frequency of 16.5%.^[6] Z3, found in East Asia, North Asia, and MSEA, is the oldest member of haplogroup Z with an estimated age of ~ 25.4 Kya.^[6] Haplogroup Z3a1a is also detected in other Nepalese populations, such as Magar (5.4%), Tharu, Kathmandu (mixed population) and Nepali-other (mixed population from Kathmandu and Eastern Nepal).^[6] S6). Z3a1a1 detected in Tibet, Myanmar, Nepal, India, Thai-Laos and Vietnam trace their ancestral roots to China with a coalescent age of ~ 8.4 Kya^[6]

Fedorova et al. 2013 have reported finding Z* (xZ1a, Z3, Z4) in 1/388 Turks and 1/491 Kazakhs. These individuals should belong to Z1* (elsewhere observed in a Tofalar), Z2 (observed in Japanese), Z7 (observed in the Himalaya), Z5 (observed in Japanese), or basal Z* (observed in a Blang individual in Northern Thailand).^[5]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Z subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[4] and subsequent published research.

• Z
  • Z* – Thailand (Blang in Chiang Rai Province)^[7]
  • Z-T152C! (TMRCA 24,300 [95% CI 19,300 <-> 30,300] ybp^[3])
    • Z-T152C!* – Hong Kong
    • Z1 (TMRCA 18,600 [95% CI 10,900 <-> 29,500] ybp^[3])
      • Z1a – Koryak, Buryat, Kalmyk, Mongol (Hinggan, Hulunbuir, Xilingol^[8]), Khakas, Shor, Altai Kizhi, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Turk, Arab (Uzbekistan) (TMRCA 7,600 [95% CI 5,100 <-> 10,900] ybp^[3])
        • Z1a1 – Italy, Hungary (ancient Avar), Germany, Sweden, Kazakh, Uyghur, Buryat (TMRCA 5,600 [95% CI 2,500 <-> 10,900] ybp^[3])
          • Z1a1a – Khakas,^[5] Nogai,^[5] Udmurt,^[5] Russia (Krasnodar Krai,^[5] etc.), Abazin,^[5] Cherkessian,^[5] Finland, Norway, Sweden,^[5] Estonia, Ukrainian^[5]
            • Z1a1a* – Norway (Vest-Agder, Aust-Agder),^[3] Finland,^[3][5] Sami (Västerbotten,^[9] Norrbotten^[9]), Komi,^[5] Russia (Chelyabinsk Oblast),^[9] Ket (lower Yenisey River basin)^[2]
            • Z1a1a1 – Russia (Chelyabinsk Oblast^[9])
            • Z1a1a2 – Udmurt^[5]
            • Z1a1a3 – Russia (Chelyabinsk Oblast,^[9] Novgorod Oblast^[10]), Poland^[3]
            • Z1a1a4 – Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Estonia (Rapla County)^[3]
          • Z1a1b – Evenk (Sakha Republic),^[5] Dolgan^[5]
            • Z1a1b* – Nganasan (Taimyr Peninsula),^[2] Yukaghir (lower Indigirka River basin^[2]), Even (Sakkyryyr,^[11] Eveno-Bytantaysky National district or Momsky district of Sakha Republic^[5]), Evenk (Iengra River basin,^[11] Nyukzha river basin^[11])
            • Z1a1b1
              • Z1a1b1* – Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)^{[citation needed]}
              • Z1a1b1a – Uyghur
        • Z1a2 (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 2,400 <-> 10,400] ybp^[3])
          • Z1a2* – Ulchi (lower Amur River basin)^[2]
          • Z1a2a – Itelmen,^[5] Koryak^[5]
            • Z1a2a* – Even (Kamchatka),^[11] Yukaghir (upper Anadyr River basin)^[2]
            • Z1a2a1
              • Z1a2a1* – Even (Kamchatka,^[11] Berezovka^[11])
              • Z1a2a1a – Even (Kamchatka),^[11] Evenk (village of Nelkan by the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region)^[5][2]
        • Z1a3 (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,850 <-> 6,500] ybp^[3])
          • Z1a3* – Yukaghir (upper Anadyr River basin),^[2] Even (Tompo District,^[11] Eveno-Bytantaysky National district or Momsky district of Sakha Republic^[5]), Evenk (Nyukzha River basin^[11]), Yakut (central Yakutia)^[11]
          • Z1a3a
            • Z1a3a* – Even (Kamchatka)^[11]
            • Z1a3a1 – Yukaghir^[11] (lower Kolyma River basin^[2]), Even (Berezovka^[11])
          • Z1a3b – Even (Berezovka^[11]), Yakut
        • Z1a4 (TMRCA 5,500 [95% CI 3,200 <-> 9,000] ybp^[3])
          • Z1a4* – Uyghur,^[3] Tubalar,^[2] Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)^{[citation needed]}
          • Z1a4a – Uyghur^[3]
      • Z1b – Tofalar^[12]
        • Z1b1 (G251A) - Tofalar (Karagas) from Alygdzher, Barghut
    • Z2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, Chūbu-Hokuriku,^[13] Tōhoku,^[13] etc.) (TMRCA 3,900 [95% CI 1,450 <-> 8,400] ybp^[3])
    • Z3 – China (Shanghai,^[3] Dengba, Xinjiang Uyghur, etc.), Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province^[7]), Vietnam, Uyghur, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Mongol (Hohhot, Tongliao, Chaoyang, Chifeng, Jiangsu^[8]), Buryat, Kalmyk, Altai Kizhi, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Tajik, Azerbaijan, North Ossetian, Romania, USA (TMRCA 15,836 [SD 4,397] ybp^[1])
      • Z3a – China (Mongol,^[8] Xibo, Deng, etc.), Kazakh^[5] (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 18,000] ybp^[3])
        • Z3a1
          • Z3a1a
            • Z3a1a - Nepal (Newar, Magar, Tharu, Eastern Nepal, Kathmandu)^[6]
            • Z3a1a* – Lachungpa,^[14] Lepcha^[14]
            • Z3a1a1 – China^[3]
            • Z3a1a2 – Gallong,^[14] Dirang Monpa,^[14] Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province^[7]), Vietnam (Hà Nhì)
          • Z3a1b – Yakut^[5][15][3]
        • Z3a2 – Lachungpa^[14][3]
          • Z3a2a – Lachungpa^[14][3]
        • Z3a3 – Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Lawa in Mae Hong Son Province)^[7][3]
      • Z3b – Deng,^{[citation needed]} Gallong^[14] (TMRCA 8,400 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 21,500] ybp^[3])
      • Z3-G709A – Yakut,^[5] China (Han from Henan^[3])
        • Z3c – Altaian,^[5] Altai Kizhi,^[5] Iran, China (Kyrgyz from Tashkurgan,^[16] Mongol from Tongliao,^[8] etc.^[3]), Cambodia (Siem Reap),^[3] Vietnam, Japan^[17]
        • Z3d – China^[17] (Han, Daur, Mongol from Hulunbuir, etc.), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Singapore,^[3] Korea,^[17] Japan (Chūbu-Hokuriku,^[13] Tōhoku^[13]), Mongolia,^[17] Kyrgyzstan^[3]
      • Z3+G11696A – China,^[3] Korea^[3]
        • Z3+G11696A+C16380T - China^[3]
        • Z3+G11696A+T454C - China^[3]
      • Z3+T8227C – China^[3]
        • Z3+T8227C+A13629G - China^[3]
        • Z3+T8227C+T4363C - Korea^[3]
          • Z3+T8227C+T4363C+A12996G - China (HGDP She people)^[3]
            • Z3+T8227C+T4363C+A12996G+T773C - Pakistan (HGDP Hazara)^[3]
      • Z3g (Z3+G7337A) - Japan,^[17][3] Kazakhstan (Jetisuu)^[3]
      • Z3+A13105G! - China (Barghut from Inner Mongolia)^[3]
        • Z3+A13105G!+A13434G - China (Han from Henan, etc.^[3])
    • Z4 – China (Suzhou, Mongol in Shandong,^[8] etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province^[7]), Philippines, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,^[3] Kalmyk,^[5] Khakas,^[5] Karanogai^[5] (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,200 <-> 22,800] ybp^[3])
      • Z4a – China (Han from Hunan and Denver, Mongol^[8] from Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, etc.), Uyghur, Daur, Japan (Tokyo)
        • Z4a1 – China (Han from Wuhan, Mongol from Baotou and Xilingol^[8])
          • Z4a1a – China (Han from Hunan and Yunnan), Vietnam
            • Z4a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), South Korea
    • Z7 – Dirang Monpa,^[14] Tibet (Tingri,^{[citation needed]} Shannan^[18]) (TMRCA 1,750 [95% CI 275 <-> 6,200] ybp^[3]), Nepal (Newar)^[6]
    • Z8* – Nepal (Newar)^[6]
  • Z5 – Japan (Aichi)

See also

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population genetics
• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L0

L1–6

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

M

N

CZ

D

E

G

Q

O

A

S

R

I

W

X

Y

C

Z

B

F

R0

pre-JT

P

U

HV

JT

K

H

V

J

T