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Hata clan
Ancient Japanese clan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hata clan (秦氏, Hata-shi) was an immigrant clan from Korea that was active in Japan since the Kofun period (250–538), according to the history of Japan laid out in the Nihon Shoki (720).
The clan members were later given official titles ranging from "Uzumasa (禹豆満佐/太秦)", "Hata no Sukune (秦宿禰)", "Hata no Imiki (秦忌寸)", "Hata no Sakeno Kimi (秦酒公)", "Hata no Kimi (秦公)", and "Toroshikō (登呂志公)" after being recognized as a legitimate clan of Japan after naturalization.
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Origins
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The origin of the clan has been a debated topic for many Japanese historians and scholars.
Many have suggested different kingdoms throughout history starting from Baekje, Qin dynasty, Gaya confederacy, Israel to Silla.
Traditional accounts
Baekje
The first mention of Hata clan was in the Nihon Shoki, describing an immigrant clan (known as "Toraikei (渡来系)" in Japanese) arriving in Japan led by Yuzuki no Kimi from Baekje.[1]
According to the Nihon Shoki, during the reign of Emperor Ōjin, Yuzuki no Kimi visited Japan from the Kingdom of Baekje where he stated that he had long wanted to emigrate to Japan, but the Kingdom of Silla would not permit him to do so. Having enjoyed the experience of meeting 120 people of his clan at Mimana. Yuzuki no Kimi left Japan but soon returned, in 283, with additional members of his clan "from 120 districts of his own land".[1] Neither Yuzuki no Kimi nor his clan members are mentioned as the founders of the Hata clan in the Nihon Shoki.
Some point to the name of Yuzuki no Kimi being of Korean origin. According to Japanese linguists, "弓月君" could be a direct translation of "Kudara (くだら)" a unique name for Baekje in Japanese. In Old Korean, "弓月" could be read as "Kungdar (궁달)" using the Idu system, which is thought to have carried over to the Japanese language as being of Baekje descent as both words share the same pronunciation.
Qin dynasty
Contrary to the accounts made in the Nihon Shoki, the Shinsen Shōjiroku (815) claims that Yuzuki no Kimi, was allegedly a descendant of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin dynasty.[2][3] Thus the reason behind Hata being written with the character "Qin (秦)". It was also the first time Yuzuki no Kimi's clan introduced in the Nihon Shoki was written under a specific name.
Gaya confederacy
As mentioned in the Nihon Shoki, Yuzuki no Kimi claimed he had 120 people in Mimana, a place name that points to the Gaya confederacy in Korea. Therefore, it has been theorized that the Hata clan had immigrated from Gaya rather than Baekje.
Israel
Some 19th and 20th century pseudohistorians claimed that the Hata clan descended from a Jewish tribe that is often associated with the Ten Lost Tribes of ancient Israel (Samaria).[4] While admitting that the clan's immigration route was ultimately from Korea to Japan, proponents of this theory believed that the clan members were in fact descendants of said Jewish tribesmen; claiming that they originated from Israel which travelled to Central Asia, then to mainland China, then to the Korean peninsula where they ultimately immigrated to Japan as their final destination.[4] For further information, see Jewish ancestry theory.
Silla
Though not directly stated in either the Nihon Shoki or Shinsen Shōjiroku, modern Japanese scholars theorize Silla was the place of origin of the Hata clan.[5][6][7]
Modern analysis and accounts
After extensive research and historical analysis, Japanese historians have confirmed that the Hata clan originated from Silla and not any of the previously mentioned kingdoms. The city of Kyoto[5] and Fushimi Inari-taisha[6] (the shrine that was built by the clan and officially commemorates it) have publicly stated that "despite the ancient records being unreliable, it can be deduced that the Hata clan originates from the kingdom of Silla."[Quotes 1][5][6]
The sentiment is also carried by researchers and historians worldwide with many re-evaluating the claims found in historical documents with modern day evidence.[8][9][10]
Historical inaccuracy
The first inaccuracy rises from the use of the character "Hata (秦)" as the character is not written in the Nihon Shoki and is found only in the Shinsen Shōjiroku when first mentioning Emperor Qin of China. Today, the clan believes that their character "秦" derived from Qin Shi Huang's family name of the same character. However, Japanese scholars pointed out that the name "Qin Shi Huang" was not the emperor's actual name, but was in fact "Yíng Zheng (嬴政)"[11] using the ancestral name of the Yíng family. Historically, "Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇)" literally meant "First Emperor of Qin" which was used as a title rather than a name. The same is applied to the emperor's alternate name, "Shi Huangdi (始皇帝)" which was also a title literally meaning "First Emperor" or "Starting Emperor" alluding to him being the first Emperor in the history of China. Historians believe that the clan misinterpreted "Qin" as the surname of the emperor[12] when in fact, it was originally the name of the state.[Notes 1] In addition, the Hata clan had a previous name which was written under "Hata (波多 [ja])"[13] (allegedly since the 2nd century) before adopting "Qin (秦)" in the 9th century, further discrediting the "Qin-Hata origin" theory.
There are other examples where the name "Hata" was used before the clan adopted the new character. Takenouchi no Sukune, a legendary Japanese general who had many connections to Silla, had a son named Hata no Yashiro [ja] who is also a legendary figure of the Hata clan while it was still under "波多". Historically, he is believed to be the original founder of the clan despite skepticism from modern scholars (see chronology of the Hata clan). Later, the use of "波多" was also carried on by another immigrant clan of Korean descent called Sakanoue clan, the branch clan of Yamatonoaya clan, where Sakanoue no Ara [ja] (坂上阿良) formed his own separate clan using the same characters of Hata clan's original name, "波多".
It is thought that the misconception revolving around the origins of Jinhan (previous kingdom of Silla) being built by Qin dynasty refugees, first mentioned in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, was what caused the Silla immigrants to become descendants of the Qin dynasty in the Shinsen Shōjiroku (see History of Jinhan confederacy).[14][15] The book is also scrutinized by modern Japanese historians for putting some clans under "Kan (漢)" or "Han dynasty" and not the Three Kingdoms of Korea,[16] the same way it put Hata under Qin dynasty instead of Silla.[17] It also contradicts the claims made in the Nihon Shoki (the first and oldest mentioning of Hata) that Yuzuki no Kimi was from Qin dynasty and not Baekje without providing any substantial evidence. For further context, the Nihon Shoki lacks any mentions of Qin when discussing about Hata.[1]
It is believed that centuries after immigrants from Silla had settled in the 5th century, their descendants needed a name for their clan founder in order to be properly included into the Shinsen Shōjiroku, and thus chose Yuzuki no Kimi; someone who was mentioned only once in the Nihon Shoki and had no direct relations with the clan prior to the claim. Afterwards, under the misguided assumption that Silla (Jinhan) was of Qin's origin, it was recorded that Yuzuki no Kimi and in turn, the Hata clan were originally from the Qin dynasty and adopted the "Qin (秦)" character.[13] In return, it is thought that the descendants of the Hata clan sought for social influence during the compilation of Shinsen Shōjiroku, and thus embraced the misinformed idea and self-proclaimed themselves to be part of Qin Shi Huang's lineage which would have given the clan more legitimacy for its political dominance and reason to remain in power. In actuality, their relations to Yuzuki no Kimi is questionable, as well as Yuzuki's own relations with Qin Shi Huang. It is highly likely that all three candidates (Hata-Yuzuki-Qin Shi Huang) are not related as the statements found in the Shinsen Shōjiroku are based on self-proclaimed claims rather than historical and genealogical facts.
Further research points to a specific area in Silla known as "Padan (파단/波旦)" read as "Hatan (はたん)" in Japanese, located in Uljin County as the origin of the Hata clan.[18][19][20] According to a research published by Ritsumeikan University, the clan was indeed from Padan[Quotes 2] and their descendants settled in the Sagano (嵯峨野) area (present day Kyoto).[18] Though the area does not exist today, it is mentioned in the Uljin Silla Stele [ko], a stele that was erected during the Silla period. Padan is considered the most likely candidate of Hata clan's origin due to its similar pronunciation (Hatan-Hata) in Japanese[19] while also sharing a character "波 (Ha)" within their respective names (in Hata clan's original name, 波多).[19] In addition, the word "Padan/波旦" meant "ocean" in the Goguryeo language,[21] a language that is considered Koreanic (same with the Silla language), which further supports the "Hata-Hatan-Ocean-Silla origin" theory.
Realistically, the Hata clan is thought to have arrived in Japan from Silla in the second half of the 5th century, contrary to the statements found in historical texts that claim 1st–2nd century.[Quotes 3][8]
Archaeological evidence
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Finally, excavations in the Hata clan's whereabouts also point to a Silla origin. Recently excavated roof tiles of structures from areas where the Hata clan mainly resided show very strong Silla influence and style.[Quotes 4][23][22] In contrast, archaeological evidence of previously assumed Baekje, Qin or Israeli origin was not discovered.
It is also reinforced by the fact that the Miroku Bosatsu statue, Hōkan Miroku [ja] (宝冠弥勒) enshrined within Kōryū-ji, a temple built by the Hata clan[24] was made of woods from Silla (a Korean variant of Pinus densiflora found in present day South Gyeongsang Province) and was gifted to Japan from Silla in 623 according to the Nihon Shoki.[1] The statue heavily resembles the "Gilt-bronze Maitreya in Meditation" of Silla with its signature "Thinking Maitreya" pose[25] and is considered as a sister statue with the original Silla sculpture.
Hōkan Miroku (Hata clan)
Maitreya in Meditation (Silla) No. 83
Maitreya in Meditation (Silla) No. 78
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Japanese art historian Shuya Ōnishi (大西 修也) specializing in Buddhist art stated in his research that the reason behind the Hata clan possessing a Silla originating statue in their Kōryū-ji temple was due to Silla giving the statue as a gift to its Japanese diaspora. He stated that "despite paucity of further documentary evidence, continuing research on the Silla hanka images in Korea has created a scholarly consensus that the image transmitted [from Silla to Kōryū-ji] in Suiko 31 [616] would have been Kōryū-ji’s Crowned Maitreya, i.e., a Silla gift to a Silla-clan temple, the Hata."[26]
This could be possible evidence for the theory on the clan arriving in the late 5th century rather than the traditional 1st or 2nd. If late 5th century is to be assumed, the temporal discrepancy between the founding of the clan and the gifting of the statue (early 7th century) would be around 100 years, which is more consistent than the supposed 600–700 years time gap when 1st or 2nd century is considered, making the gifting rather abrupt and random.[Notes 2]
In addition, Ōnishi also posited that Silla and the Hata clan were on good terms even though the Yamato kingship's relationship with the kingdom was starting to wane,[26] hinting at a possibility of Silla giving the Hata clan special treatment for being their kin evident in the gifting of the Maitreya statue and providing new technology to the clan that was not yet introduced to Japan at the time for antecedental leverage.[Notes 3] This lasted until the 7th century when the Battle of Baekgang occurred and Silla's relationship with Yamato soured to the point of no returning,[27] both cutting their diplomatic ties that lasted until the fall of Unified Silla and the rise of Goryeo dynasty in the 10th century.[Notes 4] Prior to this, it is believed that all traces of Silla elements were erased or modified within Japanese records while also vilifying Silla in many of the new stories added later.[Notes 5] This ultimately affected the Hata clan too as it most likely lost relations with its once-amicable home kingdom, and its members and their descendants likely lost touch with their Silla roots over the coming centuries.
Connections to Inari and other kamis
Additional evidence alludes to the foreign origins of the kami Inari, a deity that looks over foxes, fertility, rice, tea and sake, of agriculture and industry, of general prosperity and worldly success.
Fushimi Inari-taisha, the same shrine built by the Hata clan and one of the most influential shrines to officially celebrate the god Inari, stated that the fox deity was most likely not of Japanese origin and had most likely arrived in Japan from the kingdoms of the Korean peninsula.[28] It states that during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, foxes were widely celebrated as gods and were deified as protectors of agriculture and prosperity due to the influence of Buddhism.
This concept of an agricultural deity was later carried over to the Japanese archipelago by other immigrant clans which arrived in Japan in the earlier centuries[29] and was given the name "稲荷 (いなり)" in kanji which means "carrying rice", (literally "rice load") first found in the Ruijū Kokushi in 892 AD.
Scholars such as Kazuo Higo [ja] (肥後 和男) suggest that the Hata clan began the formal worship of Inari as an agriculture kami in the late 5th century[29] as the name "Inari" does not appear in classical Japanese mythology[30] which most likely indicates that the god is foreign. Higo's theory on the introduction of the kami by the Hata clan also aligns closely with the hypothesis of the clan arriving in Japan in the late 5th century.
There may be some connections to other foreign deities as well especially with the most commonly mentioned Susanoo-no-Mikoto, brother of kami Amaterasu.
A few myths, such as that of Susanoo's descent in Soshimori in Silla, seem to suggest a connection between the god and the Korean peninsula. Indeed, some scholars have hypothesized that the deities who were eventually conflated with Susanoo, Mutō Tenjin, and Gozu Tennō, may have had Korean origins as well, with the name "Mutō" (武塔, historical orthography: mutau) being linked with the Korean word mudang "shamaness," and "Gozu" being explained as a calque of "Soshimori", here interpreted as being derived from a Korean toponym meaning "Bull's (so) Head (mari)".[31] For further information, see etymology of the title "Uzumasa". The name "Susanoo" itself has been interpreted as being related to the Middle Korean title susung (transliterated as 次次雄 or 慈充), meaning "master" or "shaman", notably applied to Namhae, the second king of Silla, in the Samguk sagi.[32] Susanoo is thus supposed in this view to have originally been a foreign god (蕃神, banshin), perhaps a deified shaman, whose origins may be traced back to Korea.[33]
The theories surrounding Susanoo being introduced to Japan as a foreign god coincide with other kamis such as Inari, and may have been introduced in a similar fashion. Their Silla roots (Susanoo-Soshimori, Inari-Hata) may indicate that the kamis were originally from the peninsula until they were brought over to Japan by Korean immigrants. Ironically, the origins of kamis such as Susanoo was retrospectively used as a tool to justify the Japanese annexation of Korea and the assimilation of its people, claiming that Susanoo was a native Japanese god that first arrived and founded Silla, rather than a Silla-originating god that moved to Japan. Elder Shinto priest, Tsunoda Tadayuki postulated that Susanoo was in fact analogous with Dangun, a native Korean deity[Quotes 5][34] and advocated the amalgamation of the Japanese kami with the Korean god. A similar phenomenon happened prior with Susanoo and Gozu Tennō, another foreign god that may have Korean origin.[35][36]
Jewish ancestry theory
The hypothesis that the Hata clan was a Jewish Nestorian tribe was proposed by Saeki Yoshiro in 1908. Saeki developed a theory described by Ben-Ami Shillony as being "somewhat similar" to that advanced by Nicholas McLeod in 1879.
In 1879, the Scottish businessman Nicholas McLeod who had lived in Japan since 1867 published a book in Nagasaki called Japan and the Lost Tribes of Israel. Based on "personal research and observation", the book claimed the Japanese as the descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes. Over thirty years later, in 1908, Saeki Yoshiro (better known as P. Y. Saeki) (1872–1965) published a book in which he developed a somewhat similar theory. According to Saeki, the Hata clan, which arrived from Korea and settled in Japan in the third century, was a Jewish-Nestorian tribe. Saeki's writings spread the theory about "the common ancestry of the Japanese and the Jews" (Nichiyu dōsoron) in Japan, a theory that was endorsed by some Christian groups at the time.[4]
This theory gained traction due to its peculiar premise and projection. Some posited that the people of Japan's Jewish heritage is reflected on their unique culture such as the presence of the Jindai moji, an allegedly "native Japanese" writing system that was introduced before the adoption of Chinese characters,[37] however many of these claims are considered separate and mostly hoaxes. Other claims include the similarity between the Star of David and the Kagome mon of the Hata clan. However, except for both symbols being Trihexagonal tilings, their conceptions are detached and separate with the Star of David deriving from the Seal of Solomon, while the Kagome mon deriving from a woven bamboo pattern (also known as the kagome lattice).
Though it is considered as pseudoscience and pseudohistory, the emphasis on the "Japanese-Hata-Jewish ancestry" theory was widely used as a mean to differentiate the Japanese race with other neighboring ethnicities, especially degrading the Han Chinese as ethnically "inferior" and "different" from the Japanese in the 20th century.[38] For ethnicities such as the Koreans and Ryukyuans, they were considered "part of the Japanese race" and were assimilated. Much like Nissen dōsoron (lit. 'Theory on Japanese‑Korean Common Ancestry') and Nichiryū dōsoron [ja] (lit. 'Theory on Japanese‑Ryukyuan Common Ancestry'), the "Japanese-Jewish origin theory" is believed to be part of a common trend that began in the 19th century Japan to trace a common ancestry with neighboring ethnic groups (ones that are genetically related to the Japanese the most).[39][40][41] However, unlike the aforementioned two, the "Japanese-Jewish common ancestry theory" also known as "Nichiyu dōsoron (日ユ同祖論)" is currently disregarded by both Japanese historians and scientists due to lack of historical, archaeological and genealogical evidence.[42]
Scientifically, there is no proof available, including modern DNA analysis, to support this hypothesis. A recently published study of the genetic origins of Japanese people does not support a genealogical link as put forward by Saeki.[42] Researcher and author Jon Entine emphasizes that DNA evidence excludes the possibility of significant links between the Japanese and the Jews.[43]
In essence, the Hata clan and in turn, the Japanese are not related to the Ten Lost Tribes of ancient Samaria (Israel) and do not possess any Jewish heritage. Later, a similar fringe theory was given to its descendant clan known as the Shimazu clan (see Shimazu clan#Christian ancestry theory).
Chronology of the Hata clan
Realistically, the Hata clan most likely existed prior to any of the accounts made in the sources and their years of publication. The clan's name, written in three separate characters (羽田/波多/秦) throughout history, most likely had a common root word that possessed the pronunciation of "Hata (はた)" and can be suspected to have had a common ancestor clan as well.
Historically, the oldest records of "Hata" can be traced to Hata no Yashiro. However as mentioned above, due to his father, Takenouchi no Sukune being considered as a work of fiction or at least an individual with aggrandized accomplishments, Hata no Yashiro's existence (alongside his siblings) is also often scrutinized and is deemed similar to his father.[44] Regardless of the historical accuracy surrounding the lineage, the family and its members are heavily involved in events that surround Japan and Silla.
- Takenouchi no Sukune's name may have appeared in ancient Korean records under "Udojugun (于道朱君/우도주군)". Since his name was pronounced as "Utusukune (内宿禰)" in Old Japanese, "Udojugun" and "Utusukune" may have been the same individual. Sources such as the Wakan Sansai Zue also mentions Takenouchi no Sukune's accomplishments during the Silla-Japan War (新羅・倭戦争) further adding credence to his involvement during the Silla period.[45]
- He is also best known for his service as Grand Minister (Ōomi) to the Regent Empress Jingū. The empress, who was also of Silla descent through Amenohiboko, allegedly invaded Silla as a quest to reclaim her "promised land (Korea)". It is said that Takenouchi no Sukune was crucial to the Silla-Japan affairs during her reign.
- Hata no Yashiro (羽田矢代) was the son of Takenouchi no Sukune and was the founder of the Hata clan (波多), a clan that is believed to have roots in Silla.
- Heguri no Tsuku was the son of Takenouchi no Sukune and was the individual who supposedly went to Silla to rescue Yuzuki no Kimi and his fellow clan members to help them safely immigrate to Japan. They later naturalized and became the Hata clan (秦).
- Soga no Ishikawa (蘇我石川) was the son of Takenouchi no Sukune and was the founder of the Soga clan, a clan that is believed to have foreign roots according to world renowned linguists such as Alexander Vovin, specifically to that of Silla due to phonetic similarities (see Soga clan#Toraijin theory).
Due to the strong connections with Silla, the precursor to the Hata clan (and/or other clans founded by Takenouchi no Sukune's sons) is believed to have foreign roots regardless of the authenticity of its respective founders and their stories. Furthermore, it can be suspected that the numerous clans under "Hata" existed prior to the stories given to them and they likely had a common root, a foreign clan named "Pada" that immigrated to Japan from Silla as Toraijins at the start of the Kofun period (circa mid-late 5th century).
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Etymology
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Perspective
Origins surrounding the clan's name and jargons show strong foreign influence with many tracing their roots to Old Korean. For context, Kazuo Miyamoto [ja] (宮本 一夫), a linguist and emeritus professor at Kyushu University postulates that Central Japanese (the main language spoken in the capital of Yamato) was a proto-Japonic language that was affected by proto-Koreanic due to large influx of migration from the peninsula.[Quotes 6][46] Miyamoto posited that the proto-Japonic and proto-Koreanic languages, though not entirely the same, were "kindred languages" both stemming from a common root found in northern Eurasia.[46] Other linguists specializing in Asian languages such as Alexander Vovin and Christopher I. Beckwith also suggest a major influence of the Korean language in Japan during the Kofun period; noting the many changes in the Japanese language's grammar and adoption of non-native words that were included in classical works such as the Kojiki.[47][48] Out of these immigrants who influenced Old Japanese, many are likely Toraijin clans (including the Hata clan) who became prominent families that asserted their native language into the imperial court and other areas within their jurisdiction. Hence why many of the words surrounding them show foreign roots.
Clan name - Hata
The etymology of "Hata" is believed to be "Hada" (肌) meaning "skin" alluding to the silk produced by the immigrants, or "Hada/Hata" a Japanese translation of the Korean word "Pada (바다)" meaning "ocean" as they came across the seas.[7] In recent years, the latter is believed to be the more likely theory.
In Old Japanese, "Hata" would have sounded closer to "Pada" as the consonant [h] was pronounced as [p] and [t] was pronounced as [d]. As explained above, the name of the province "Padan (波旦)" of Silla was carried over to Japan as "Pada (波多)" where its meaning of "ocean" was introduced and eventually became "Hata" in Japanese. Another offshoot word stemming from "Pada/Hata (ocean)" is believed to be "Wata" (海) which also means "ocean". It later adopted the "渡" character to include the meaning of "crossing the ocean" as seen in "渡る".[Quotes 7][49]
In Old Korean to Middle Korean, the use of "波多" to represent the Korean word "바다/ocean" lasted until the late 18th century as mentioned in the book Gogeumseokrim (1789) which focuses on Middle Korean and its daily vocabulary.[Quotes 8]
Title - Uzumasa
"Uzumasa (太秦)" is considered as the oldest title created under the Hata clan. Through its characters represented by the word for "big" (太) and the clan's own name (秦), the title is said to be a representation of the meaning of "mounting (big) amount of tribute (silk)" according to the Nihon Shoki.[1] However, the oldest title of the clan did not originate from the aforementioned characters. Instead, it is stated in the Nihon Shoki that the etymology of Uzumasa came from "Uzumasa (禹豆満佐)", an older spelling of the title.[1] It is said that the original spelling's pronunciation carried over to the newer characters and retained its meaning, despite having no connections with the etymology itself.[Quotes 9] In the footnotes of the Nihon Shoki, it is said that the original spelling also had a root word that was read "Uzumorimasa (禹豆母利麻佐)".
According to historian Shōei Mishina, "Uzumasa" is a combination of two separate words, "Uzu" and "Masa" which meant "clan" and "leader", respectively.[50] Mishina posited that "Uzu" was also represented by multiple characters (such as 珍/嚴/貴) and "Masa" as "勝". He stated that "-masa", similar to titles such as "-suguri (村主)" seen in Musasuguri (牟佐村主) and "-kishi (吉士)" seen in Achikishi and Wanikishi, was a suffix title given to individuals with Toraijin background and deemed it to possess Old Korean roots.[50] He also discussed about the etymology behind "Uzu (禹豆)" and its older form, "Uzumori (禹豆母利)". Mishina stated that the separation of "Uzu-masa" should also apply to its older spelling "Uzumori-masa", and stated that the word "Uzumori" most likely had ties with the Korean word "Udumeori (우두머리)" which literally means "leader of a clan".[51] He posited that "Udu (우두)" meant "cow head (牛頭)" with "Meori (머리)" meaning "head",[Notes 12] the latter being the native Korean word that represented the overall meaning of the words prior.[Notes 13] In essence, "Uzumori-masa (禹豆母利麻佐)" meant "Leader of the clan-[title]" which was later shortened to "Uzu-masa (禹豆満佐)" and changed characters to "太秦" when the Hata clan adopted new characters for its clan name.
A possible connection to Uzumasa and another ancient word of possible Korean origin can be made based on Mishina's observations. As Mishina posited that "Uzumori" was the ancestral word for Uzumasa which carried the meaning of "cow head", it may also share similar roots with "Soshimori (曾尸茂梨)", a placename in Silla where the kami Susanoo first arrived after his exit from the heavens (see Susanoo in Soshimori).
The Mii-dera temple claims that "Soshimori" likely alludes to the Korean word "Someori (소머리)" which means "cow head" (noting that "So (소)" is the native Korean word for "cow").[52] The temple officially claims that "Soshimori" most likely derived from "Someori"[52] or more likely "Suhsomeori (숳소머리)" meaning "bull head" in Old Korean,[Notes 14] under an alternate spelling "牛首茂梨" which later influenced the introduction of Gozu Tennō (牛頭天王, lit. 'Ox-Headed Heavenly King') who was eventually amalgamated with Susanoo.[52]
The common Silla element of Hata, Uzumasa, Susanoo, Soshimori, and Old Korean may explain the singularity across all the aforementioned factors, with many of them most likely sharing a collective root.
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Influence
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Perspective
The Hata were the most prominent inhabitants of the Kyoto basin at the time the area entered into history, in the 6th and 7th centuries.[53] They had jurisdiction in present-day "Uzumasa (太秦/太秦)" (not to be confused with the title "Uzumasa") found in "Kadono district (葛野郡)" within Kyoto.[54]
The Hata are said to have been adept at financial matters, and to have introduced silk raising and weaving to Japan. For this reason, they may have been associated with the kagome crest, a lattice shape found in basket-weaving. During the reign of Emperor Nintoku (313–399), the members of the clan were sent to different parts of the country to spread the knowledge and practice of sericulture. Members of this clan also served as financial advisors to the Yamato Court for several centuries. Originally landing and settling in Izumo and the San'yō region, the Hata eventually settled in the areas where Japan's most important cities are now. They are said to have aided in the establishment of Heian-kyō (modern-day Kyoto), and of many Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples, including Fushimi Inari Taisha, Matsunoo Taisha, and Kōryū-ji. Emperor Yūryaku granted the clan the family name of Uzumasa in 471, in honor of Sakeno kimi's contributions to the spread of sericulture. Over the next few centuries, they were given the right to the status (kabane) of Miyatsuko, and later Imiki.
Uzumasa-no-Kimi-Sukune, one of the first clan heads, arrived during the reign of Emperor Chūai, in the 2nd century CE. According to the Nihon Shoki, he and his followers were greeted warmly, and Uzumasa was granted a high government position.
A number of future samurai clans, including the Chōsokabe clan of Shikoku, the Kawakatsu clan of Tanba, and the Jinbō clan [ja] of Echigo province, claimed descent from the Hata. The Koremune clan was related to the Hata as well. Prince Koman-O came to dwell in Japan in the reign of Emperor Ōjin (c. 310). His successors received the name Hata. This name was changed to Koremune in 880. The wife of Shimazu Tadahisa (1179–1227) (son of Minamoto no Yoritomo and ancestor of the Shimazu clan of Kyushu), was a daughter of Koremune Hironobu. However, the claim in regards to Shimazu Tadahisa being the son of Minamoto no Yorimoto is often scrutinized since neither the characters or historical documents are correctly recorded and is believed to be an embellished claim (similar to Oda-Taira, Sanada-Minamoto, etc). Hence, it is believed by modern scholars that Shimazu Tadahisa was also of Koremune descent,[55] making the Shimazu the direct descendants of the Hata clan.
The Hata were also claimed as ancestors by Zeami Motokiyo, the premiere Noh playwright in history, who attributed the origins of Noh to Hata no Kawakatsu. According to Zeami's writings, Kōkatsu, the ancestor of both the Kanze and Komparu Noh lineages, introduced ritual dances to Japan in the sixth century; this form would later evolve into Okina and then into Noh. A more important influence upon the formation and the character of Noh is the Chinese Nuo rite. While sanyue (sangaku) and daqu influenced the development of Noh in terms of dramatic structure and presentation, the Nuo rite played a significant role in formulating Noh's religious and ritualistic character and features.[56]
In recent years, the population of Neyagawa in Osaka Prefecture includes a number of people who claim descent from the Hata. However, the cities of Ōhata and Yahata are not directly related to the Hata clan.
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Notable members
- Yuzuki no Kimi - Founder of the clan.
- Hata no Kawakatsu
See also
- Japanese clans#Toraijin (渡来人): List of Toraijin clans of different origins.
- Nichiyu dōsoron (lit. 'Theory on Japanese‑Jewish Common Ancestry')
- British Israelism: A similar hypothesis that holds the British people to be a Lost Tribe of Israel.
- Ten Lost Tribes
- Genetic studies on Jews
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Notes and references
Sources
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