Helsinki
Capital and most populous city of Finland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Helsinki[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] is the capital and most populous city in Finland. It is on the shore of the Gulf of Finland and is the seat of southern Finland's Uusimaa region. About 675,000 people live in the municipality, with 1.25 million in the capital region and 1.58 million in the metropolitan area. As the most populous urban area in Finland, it is the country's most significant centre for politics, education, finance, culture, and research. Helsinki is 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn, Estonia, 360 kilometres (220 mi) north of Riga, Latvia, 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden, and 300 kilometres (190 mi) west of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Helsinki has significant historical connections with these four cities.
Helsinki
| |
|---|---|
| Helsingin kaupunki Helsingfors stad City of Helsinki | |
| Nicknames: | |
 | |
  Helsinki Location within Europe  Helsinki Location within Finland | |
| Coordinates: 60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E | |
| Country |  Finland |
| Region |  Uusimaa |
| Sub-region | Helsinki sub-region |
| Metropolitan area | Helsinki metropolitan area |
| Charter | 12 June 1550 |
| Capital city | 8 April 1812 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Juhana Vartiainen (Kok) |
| • Governing body | City Council of Helsinki |
| Area (2018-01-01)[4] | |
| • Capital city | 715.48 km2 (276.25 sq mi) |
| • Land | 214.42 km2 (82.79 sq mi) |
| • Water | 501.74 km2 (193.72 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 680.12 km2 (262.60 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 3,698.99 km2 (1,428.19 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 26 m (85 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31)[6] | |
| • Capital city | 674,500 |
| • Rank | Largest in Finland |
| • Density | 3,145.7/km2 (8,147/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,360,075 |
| • Urban density | 2,000/km2 (5,200/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,582,452 (metro) |
| • Metro density | 427.8/km2 (1,108/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | helsinkiläinen (Finnish) helsingforsare (Swedish) Helsinkian (English) |
| Population by native language | |
| • Finnish | 75% (official) |
| • Swedish | 5.5% (official) |
| • Others | 19.6% |
| Population by age | |
| • 0 to 14 | 14.3% |
| • 15 to 64 | 68.3% |
| • 65 or older | 17.4% |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (EEST) |
| Area code | +358-9 |
| Climate | Dfb |
| Website | www |
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Together with the cities of Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen—and surrounding commuter towns,[9] including the neighbouring municipality of Sipoo to the east[10]—Helsinki forms a metropolitan area. This area is often considered Finland's only metropolis and is the world's northernmost metropolitan area with over one million inhabitants. Additionally, it is the northernmost capital of an EU member state. Helsinki is the third-largest municipality in the Nordic countries, after Stockholm and Oslo. Its urban area is the third-largest in the Nordic countries, after Stockholm and Copenhagen. Helsinki Airport, in the neighbouring city of Vantaa, serves the city with frequent flights to numerous destinations in Europe, North America, and Asia.
Helsinki is a bilingual municipality with Finnish and Swedish as its official languages. The population consists of 75% Finnish speakers, 5% Swedish speakers, and 20% speakers of other languages (which is well above the national average).
Helsinki hosted the 1952 Summer Olympics, the first CSCE/OSCE Summit in 1975, the first World Athletics Championships in 1983, the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 and it was the 2012 World Design Capital.[11]
Helsinki has one of the highest standards of urban living in the world. In 2011, the British magazine Monocle ranked Helsinki as the world's most liveable city in its livable cities index.[12] In the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2016 livability survey, Helsinki ranked ninth out of 140 cities.[13] In July 2021, the American magazine Time named Helsinki one of the world's greatest places, a city that "can grow into a burgeoning cultural nest in the future" and is already known as an environmental pioneer.[14] In an international Cities of Choice survey conducted in 2021 by the Boston Consulting Group and the BCG Henderson Institute, Helsinki was ranked the third-best city in the world to live in, with London and New York City coming in first and second.[15][16] In the Condé Nast Traveler magazine's 2023 Readers' Choice Awards, Helsinki was ranked the 4th-friendliest city in Europe.[17] Helsinki, along with Rovaniemi in Lapland, is also one of Finland's most important tourist cities.[18] Due to the large number of sea passengers, Helsinki is classified as a major port city,[19] and in 2017 it was rated the world's busiest passenger port.[20]
According to a theory put forward in the 1630s, at the time of Swedish colonisation of the Finnish coast, colonists from Hälsingland in central Sweden arrived at what is now the Vantaa River and called it Helsingå ('Helsinge River'), giving rise to the names of the village and church of Helsinge in the 1300s.[21] This theory is questionable, as dialect research suggests that the settlers came from Uppland and the surrounding areas.[22] Others have suggested that the name derives from the Swedish word helsing, an archaic form of the word hals ('neck'), which refers to the narrowest part of a river, the rapids.[23] Other Scandinavian towns in similar geographical locations were given similar names at the time, such as Helsingør in Denmark and Helsingborg in Sweden.
When a town was founded in the village of Forsby (later Koskela) in 1548, it was called Helsinge fors, 'Helsinge rapids'. The name refers to the Vanhankaupunginkoski rapids at the mouth of the river.[24] The town was commonly known as Helsinge or Helsing, from which the modern Finnish name is derived.[25]
Official Finnish government documents and Finnish language newspapers have used the name Helsinki since 1819, when the Senate of Finland moved to the city from Turku, the former capital of Finland. Decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish.[26] When Finland became a Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous state under the rule of the Russian Empire, Helsinki was known as Gel'singfors (Гельсингфорс) in Russian, because the main and official language of Grand Duchy of Finland was Swedish.
In Helsinki slang, the city is called Stadi (from the Swedish word stad, meaning 'city'). Abbreviated form Hesa is equally common, but its use is associated with people of rural origin ("junantuomat", lit. "brought by a train") and frowned upon by locals.[1][27] Helsset is the Northern Sami name for Helsinki.[28]
Early history
After the end of the Ice Age and the retreat of the ice sheet, the first settlers arrived in the Helsinki area around 5000 BC. Their presence has been documented by archaeologists in Vantaa, Pitäjänmäki and Kaarela.[29] Permanent settlements did not appear until the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, during the Iron Age, when the area was inhabited by the Tavastians. They used the area for fishing and hunting, but due to the lack of archaeological finds it is difficult to say how extensive their settlements were. Pollen analysis has shown that there were agricultural settlements in the area in the 10th century, and surviving historical records from the 14th century describe Tavastian settlements in the area.[30]
Christianity does not gain a significant foothold in Finland before the 11th century. After that, a number of crosses and other objects related to Christianity can be found in archaeological material. According to the traditional view, the Kingdom of Sweden made three crusades to Finland, thanks to which the region was incorporated into both Christianity and the Swedish Empire. Recent research has shown that these expeditions, to the extent that there were even three of them, were not the crusades that had been imagined. Later, the conquest of Finland was justified in terms of "civilisation" and "christianisation", and the myth of the Crusades was developed. It is more likely that it was a multidimensional combination of economic, cultural and political power ambitions.[31]
The early settlements were raided by Vikings until 1008, and the Battle at Herdaler was a battle between the Norse Viking leader Olav Haraldsson (later King Olaf II of Norway, also known as Saint Olaf) and local Finns at Herdaler (now Ingå), not far from Helsinga, around 1007-8.[32] The Saga of Olaf Haraldson tells how Olav raided the coasts of Finland and was almost killed in battle. He ran away in fear and after that the Vikings did not raid the coasts of Finland.[33][34]
Later the area was settled by Christians from Sweden. They came mainly from the Swedish coastal regions of Norrland and Hälsingland, and their migration intensified around 1100.[29] The Swedes permanently colonised the Helsinki region's coastline in the late 13th century, after the successful 'crusade' to Finland that led to the defeat of the Tavastians.[35][30]
In the Middle Ages, the Helsinki area was a landscape of small villages. Some of the old villages from the 1240s in the area of present-day Helsinki, such as Koskela and Töölö, are now Helsinki districts, as are the rest of the 27 medieval villages. The area gradually became part of the Kingdom of Sweden and Christianity. Kuninkaantie, or the "King's Road", ran through the area and two interesting medieval buildings were built here: Vartiokylä hillfort in the 1380s and the Church of St. Lawrence in 1455. In the Middle Ages, several thousand people lived in Helsinki's keep.[36]
There was a lot of trade across the Baltic Sea. The shipping route to the coast, and especially to Reval, meant that by the end of the Middle Ages the Helsinki region had become an important trading centre for wealthy peasants, priests and nobles in Finland, after Vyborg and Pohja. Furs, wood, tar, fish and animals were exported from Helsinki, and salt and grain were brought to the fortress. Helsinki was also the most important cattle-breeding area in Uusimaa. With the help of trade, Helsinki became one of the wealthiest cities in Finland and Uusimaa. Thanks to trade and travel, e.g. to Reval, people could speak several languages, at least helpfully. Depending on the situation, Finnish, Swedish, Latin or Low German could be heard in the Helsinki area.[37]
Written chronicles from 1417 mention the village of Koskela near the rapids at the mouth of the River Vantaa, where Helsinki was to be founded.[29]
Founding of Helsinki
Helsinki was founded by King Gustav I of Sweden on 12 June 1550 as a trading town called Helsingfors to rival the Hanseatic city of Reval (now Tallinn) on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland.[38][29] To populate the new town at the mouth of the Vantaa River, the king ordered the bourgeoisie of Porvoo, Raseborg, Rauma and Ulvila to move there.[39] The shallowness of the bay made it impossible to build a harbour, and the king allowed the settlers to leave the unfortunate location. In 1640, Count Per Brahe the Younger, together with some descendants of the original settlers, moved the centre of the city to the Vironniemi peninsula by the sea, today's Kruununhaka district, where the Senate Square and Helsinki Cathedral are located.[40]
During the second half of the 17th century, Helsinki, as a wooden city, suffered from regular fires, and by the beginning of the 18th century the population had fallen below 1,700. For a long time Helsinki was mainly a small administrative town for the governors of Nyland and Tavastehus County, but its importance began to grow in the 18th century when plans were made to build a more solid naval defence in front of the city.[39] Little came of these plans, however, as Helsinki remained a small town plagued by poverty, war and disease. The plague of 1710 killed most of Helsinki's population.[38] After the Russians captured Helsinki in May 1713 during the Great Northern War, the retreating Swedish administration set fire to parts of the city.[41][42] Despite this, the city's population grew to 3,000 by the beginning of the 19th century. The construction of the naval fortress of Sveaborg (Viapori in Finnish, now also called Suomenlinna) in the 18th century helped to improve Helsinki's status. However, it wasn't until Russia defeated Sweden in the Finnish War and annexed Finland as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809 that the city began to develop into a substantial city. The Russians besieged the Sveaborg fortress during the war, and about a quarter of the city was destroyed in a fire in 1808.[43]
Emperor Alexander I of Russia moved the capital of Finland from Turku to Helsinki on 8 April 1812 to reduce Swedish influence in Finland and bring the capital closer to St Petersburg.[44][45][46] After the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, the Royal Academy of Turku, the only university in the country at the time, was also moved to Helsinki and eventually became the modern University of Helsinki. The move consolidated the city's new role and helped set it on a path of continuous growth. This transformation is most evident in the city centre, which was rebuilt in the neoclassical style to resemble St. Petersburg, largely according to a plan by the German-born architect C. L. Engel. As elsewhere, technological advances such as the railway and industrialisation were key factors in the city's growth.
Twentieth century
By the 1910s, Helsinki's population was already over 100,000, and despite the turbulence of Finnish history in the first half of the 20th century, Helsinki continued to grow steadily. This included the Finnish Civil War and the Winter War, both of which left their mark on the city. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were roughly equal numbers of Finnish and Swedish speakers in Helsinki; the majority of workers were Finnish-speaking. The local Helsinki slang (or stadin slangi) developed among Finnish children and young people from the 1890s as a mixed Finnish-Swedish language, with influences from German and Russian, and from the 1950s the slang began to become more Finnish.[47] A landmark event was the 1952 Olympic Games, which were held in Helsinki. Finland's rapid urbanisation in the 1970s, which occurred late compared to the rest of Europe, tripled the population of the metropolitan area, and the Helsinki Metro subway system was built.
Known as the "Daughter of the Baltic"[2] or the "Pearl of the Baltic",[3][48] Helsinki is located at the tip of a peninsula and on 315 islands. The city centre is located on a southern peninsula, Helsinginniemi ("Cape of Helsinki"), which is rarely referred to by its actual name, Vironniemi ("Cape of Estonia"). Population density is comparatively high in certain parts of downtown Helsinki, reaching 16,494 inhabitants per square kilometre (42,720/sq mi) in the district of Kallio, overall Helsinki's population density is 3,147 per square kilometre. Outside the city centre, much of Helsinki consists of post-war suburbs separated by patches of forest. A narrow, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long Helsinki Central Park, which stretches from the city centre to Helsinki's northern border, is an important recreational area for residents. The City of Helsinki has about 11,000 boat moorings and over 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres; 54 square miles) of marine fishing waters adjacent to the capital region. About 60 species of fish are found in this area, and recreational fishing is popular.
Helsinki's main islands include Seurasaari, Lauttasaari and Korkeasaari – the latter is home to Finland's largest zoo, Korkeasaari Zoo. The former military islands of Vallisaari and Isosaari are now open to the public, but Santahamina is still in military use. The most historic and remarkable island is the fortress of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg).[49] The island of Pihlajasaari is a popular summer resort, comparable to Fire Island in New York City.
There are 60 nature reserves in Helsinki with a total area of 95,480 acres (38,640 ha). Of the total area, 48,190 acres (19,500 ha) are water areas and 47,290 acres (19,140 ha) are land areas. The city also has seven nature reserves in Espoo, Sipoo, Hanko and Ingå. The largest nature reserve is the Vanhankaupunginselkä, with an area of 30,600 acres (12,400 ha). The city's first nature reserve, Tiiraluoto of Lauttasaari, was established in 1948.[50]
Helsinki's official plant is the Norway maple and its official animal is the red squirrel.[51]
Metropolitan area
The Helsinki capital region (Finnish: Pääkaupunkiseutu, Swedish: Huvudstadsregionen) comprises four municipalities: Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen.[52] The Helsinki urban area is considered to be the only metropolis in Finland.[53] It has a population of about 1.25 million, and is the most densely populated area of Finland. The Capital Region spreads over a land area of 770 square kilometres (300 sq mi) and has a population density of 1,619 per sg km. With over 20 percent of the country's population in just 0.2 percent of its surface area, the area's housing density is high by Finnish standards.
The Helsinki metropolitan area or the Greater Helsinki consists of the cities of the capital region and ten surrounding municipalities: Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Tuusula, Pornainen, Mäntsälä and Vihti.[54] The Metropolitan Area covers 3,697 square kilometres (1,427 sq mi) and has a population of about 1.58 million, or about a fourth of the total population of Finland. The metropolitan area has a high concentration of employment: approximately 750,000 jobs.[55] Despite the intensity of land use, the region also has large recreational areas and green spaces. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the world's northernmost urban area with a population of over one million people, and the northernmost EU capital city.
The Helsinki urban area is an officially recognized urban area in Finland, defined by its population density. The area stretches throughout 11 municipalities, and is the largest such area in Finland, with a land area of 669.31 square kilometres (258.42 sq mi) and approximately 1.36 million inhabitants.
Climate
Helsinki has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb).[56] Due to the moderating influence of the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic Current (see also Extratropical cyclone), winter temperatures are higher than the northern location would suggest, with an average of −4 °C (25 °F) in January and February.[57]
Winters in Helsinki are significantly warmer than in the north of Finland, and the snow season in the capital is much shorter due to its location in the extreme south of Finland and the urban heat island effect. Temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) occur only a few times a year. However, due to the latitude, the days around the winter solstice are 5 hours and 48 minutes long, with the sun very low (at noon the sun is just over 6 degrees in the sky), and the cloudy weather at this time of year exacerbates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, with 18 hours and 57 minutes of daylight around the summer solstice.[58]
The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 22 °C (66 to 72 °F). Due to the sea effect, especially on hot summer days, daytime temperatures are slightly cooler and nighttime temperatures higher than further inland. The highest temperature recorded in the city was 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) on 28 July 2019 at the Kaisaniemi weather station,[59] breaking the previous record of 33.1 °C (91.6 °F) set in July 1945 at the Ilmala weather station.[60] The lowest temperature recorded in the city was −34.3 °C (−29.7 °F) on 10 January 1987, although an unofficial low of −35 °C (−31 °F) was recorded in December 1876.[61] Helsinki Airport (in Vantaa, 17 km north of Helsinki city centre) recorded a maximum temperature of 33.7 °C (92.7 °F) on 29 July 2010 and a minimum of −35.9 °C (−33 °F) on 9 January 1987. Precipitation comes from frontal passages and thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are most common in summer.
| Climate data for Central Helsinki (Kaisaniemi) 1991–2020 normals, records 1844–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
15.1 (59.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
30.9 (87.6) |
33.2 (91.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
33.2 (91.8) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
14.6 (58.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
1.4 (34.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.1 (26.4) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.1 (64.6) |
16.9 (62.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
6.6 (43.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
6.5 (43.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.6 (21.9) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
1.1 (34.0) |
6.4 (43.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
3.5 (38.3) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −17.7 (0.1) |
−16.9 (1.6) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
0.7 (33.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−20.6 (−5.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.4 (−29.9) |
−33.0 (−27.4) |
−31.3 (−24.3) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−13.9 (7.0) |
−25.5 (−13.9) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 53 (2.1) |
38 (1.5) |
34 (1.3) |
34 (1.3) |
38 (1.5) |
60 (2.4) |
57 (2.2) |
81 (3.2) |
56 (2.2) |
73 (2.9) |
69 (2.7) |
58 (2.3) |
653 (25.7) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 19 | 16 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 176 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 37.2 | 70.6 | 139.5 | 195.0 | 285.2 | 297.0 | 291.4 | 238.7 | 150.0 | 93.0 | 36.0 | 27.9 | 1,861.5 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 1.2 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 6.5 | 9.2 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 7.7 | 5 | 3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 5.1 |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 6.8 | 9.2 | 11.8 | 14.6 | 17.2 | 18.8 | 18.0 | 15.6 | 12.9 | 10.1 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 12.4 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 18 | 27 | 38 | 45 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 49 | 39 | 30 | 16 | 15 | 36 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Source 1: FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991–2020,[62] record highs and lows[63] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (sun data)[64] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Helsinki Kumpula (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 35 | 71 | 146 | 203 | 296 | 278 | 308 | 248 | 160 | 89 | 34 | 23 | 1,890 |
| Source: https://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/1991-2020-auringonpaiste-ja-sateilytilastot | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Helsinki Airport (Vantaa) 1991–2020 normals, records 1952–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
31.4 (88.5) |
33.7 (92.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
13.4 (56.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
33.7 (92.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) |
−2 (28) |
2.2 (36.0) |
9.1 (48.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
8.6 (47.5) |
3.4 (38.1) |
0.4 (32.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.3 (24.3) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
4.5 (40.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.6 (52.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−5 (23) |
0.1 (32.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1 (30) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
2.2 (36.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.9 (−32.6) |
−33.3 (−27.9) |
−27.2 (−17.0) |
−16.9 (1.6) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
−20.8 (−5.4) |
−32.3 (−26.1) |
−35.9 (−32.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 54 (2.1) |
41 (1.6) |
34 (1.3) |
36 (1.4) |
39 (1.5) |
64 (2.5) |
64 (2.5) |
78 (3.1) |
62 (2.4) |
79 (3.1) |
70 (2.8) |
62 (2.4) |
683 (26.7) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 24 | 21 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 205 |
| Average snowy days | 26.4 | 25.7 | 25.2 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 13.6 | 19.3 | 121.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 38 | 74 | 131 | 196 | 275 | 266 | 291 | 219 | 143 | 84 | 37 | 26 | 1,780 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 17 | 28 | 38 | 43 | 54 | 52 | 52 | 48 | 39 | 30 | 17 | 15 | 36 |
| Source 1: FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991-2020[62] Weatheronline.co.uk[65] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: record highs and lows[66] | |||||||||||||
Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions
Helsinki is divided into three major areas: Helsinki Downtown (Finnish: Helsingin kantakaupunki, Swedish: Helsingfors innerstad), North Helsinki (Finnish: Pohjois-Helsinki, Swedish: Norra Helsingfors) and East Helsinki (Finnish: Itä-Helsinki, Swedish: Östra Helsingfors). Of these, Helsinki Downtown means the undefined core area of capital, as opposed to suburbs. The designations business center and city center usually refer to Kluuvi, Kamppi and Punavuori.[67][68] Other subdivisional centers outside the downtown area include Malmi (Swedish: Malm),[69][70] located in the northeastern part of city, and Itäkeskus (Swedish: Östra centrum),[71] in the eastern part of city.
Neoclassical and romantic nationalism trend
Carl Ludvig Engel, appointed to plan a new city centre on his own, designed several neoclassical buildings in Helsinki. The focal point of Engel's city plan was the Senate Square. It is surrounded by the Government Palace (to the east), the main building of Helsinki University (to the west), and (to the north) the large Helsinki Cathedral, which was finished in 1852, twelve years after Engel's death. Helsinki's epithet, "The White City of the North", derives from this construction era. Most of Helsinki's older buildings were built after the 1808 fire; before that time, the oldest surviving building in the center of Helsinki is the Sederholm House (1757) at the intersection of Senate Square and the Katariinankatu street.[40] Suomenlinna also has buildings completed in the 18th century, including the Kuninkaanportti on the Kustaanmiekka Island (1753–1754).[72] The oldest church in Helsinki is the Östersundom church, built in 1754.[73]
Helsinki is also home to numerous Art Nouveau-influenced (Jugend in Finnish) buildings belonging to the Kansallisromantiikka (romantic nationalism) trend, designed in the early 20th century and strongly influenced by Kalevala, which was a common theme of the era. Helsinki's Art Nouveau style is also featured in central residential districts, such as Katajanokka and Ullanlinna.[74] An important architect of the Finnish Art Nouveau style was Eliel Saarinen, whose architectural masterpiece was the Helsinki Central Station. Opposite the Bank of Finland building is the Renaissance Revivalish the House of the Estates (1891).[75]
The only visible public buildings of the Gothic Revival architecture in Helsinki are St. John's Church (1891) in Ullanlinna, which is the largest stone church in Finland, and its twin towers rise to 74 meters and have 2,600 seats.[76] Other examples of neo-Gothic include the House of Nobility in Kruununhaka and the Catholic St. Henry's Cathedral.[77][78]
In addition to other cities in Northern Europe that were not under the Soviet Union, such as Stockholm, Sweden, Helsinki's neoclassical buildings gained also popularity as a backdrop for scenes intended to depict the Soviet Union in numerous Hollywood movies during the Cold War era, when filming within the actual USSR was not possible. Some of them, including The Kremlin Letter (1970), Reds (1981), and Gorky Park (1983).[79] was possible due to such Russian cities as Leningrad and Moscow also having similar neoclassical architecture. At the same time due to Cold War and Finnish relations with the USSR the government secretly instructed Finnish officials not to extend assistance to such film projects.[80] There are some films where Helsinki has been represented on its own in films, most notably the 1967 British-American espionage thriller Billion Dollar Brain, starring Michael Caine.[81][82] The city has large amounts of underground areas such as shelters and tunnels, many used daily as swimming pool, church, water management, entertainment etc.[83][84][85]
Functionalism and modern architecture
Helsinki also features several buildings by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto,[49] recognized as one of the pioneers of architectural functionalism. However, some of his works, such as the headquarters of the paper company Stora Enso and the concert venue Finlandia Hall, have been subject to divided opinions from the citizens.[86][87][88]
Functionalist buildings in Helsinki by other architects include the Olympic Stadium, the Tennis Palace, the Rowing Stadium, the Swimming Stadium, the Velodrome, the Glass Palace, the Töölö Sports Hall, and Helsinki-Malmi Airport. The sports venues were built to serve the 1940 Helsinki Olympic Games; the games were initially cancelled due to the Second World War, but the venues fulfilled their purpose in the 1952 Olympic Games. Many of them are listed by DoCoMoMo as significant examples of modern architecture. The Olympic Stadium and Helsinki-Malmi Airport are also catalogued by the Finnish Heritage Agency as cultural-historical environments of national significance.[89][90]
When Finland became heavily urbanized in the 1960s and 1970s, the district of Pihlajamäki, for example, was built in Helsinki for new residents, where for the first time in Finland, precast concrete was used on a large scale. Pikku Huopalahti, built in the 1980s and 1990s, has tried to get rid of a one-size-fits-all grid pattern, which means that its look is very organic and its streets are not repeated in the same way. Itäkeskus in Eastern Helsinki was the first regional center in the 1980s.[91] Efforts have also been made to protect Helsinki in the late 20th century, and many old buildings have been renovated.[91] Modern architecture is represented, for example, by the Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma,[49] which consists of two straight and curved-walled parts, though this style strongly divided the opinions from the citizens.[88] Next to Kiasma is the glass-walled Sanomatalo (1999).
There have been many plans to build highrise buildings in Helsinki since the 1920s when architect Eliel Saarinen proposed the 85-meter-tall Kalevalatalo in 1921, but few tall buildings were built until the 21st century.[92] In 1924 Oiva Kallio won Etu-Töölö competition with his plan (several 14- to 16-story buildings).[93] A 32-story city hall was also proposed.[94] Other plans of the 1930s included the 18-story "Kino" palace, a 17-story apartment building, and a 30-story [95] Stockmann building were proposed but only the 70-meter-tall 14-story Hotel Torni was built.[96] (Hotel Torni was the tallest high-rise in Finland until 1976, when the 83-meter-tall Neste headquarters were completed in Espoo; Helsinki had rejected the tower.[97]) Twin 30-story buildings were proposed in Pasila in the 1970s but were rejected.[95] In 1990 a planned 104-meter-tall tower[98][99] for the Kone company was also cancelled.
Highrise construction only started in the beginning of the 21st century, when the city decided to allow the construction of skyscrapers. Highrises were first built in Kalasatama, a primarily-residential district built on a former container port. As of 2024, four residential towers have been completed: the 35-story, 282-apartment, 134-metre-tall (440 ft) Majakka in 2019 (which is the tallest building in Finland); the 32-story, 124-meter Loisto in 2021; the 31-story, 120-meter Lumo One in 2022; and the 24-story, 98-meter Visio in 2023. The 26-story, 111-meter-tall office building Horisontti is to be completed in 2025, and three further towers are to be built in the complex.[100][101][102] Tall residential towers have also been built in the eastern district of Vuosaari: the 87-meter, 26-story Cirrus was completed in 2006, the 24-story, 85-meter-tall Hyperion was completed in 2023 and the 33-story, 288-apartment, 120-meter-tall Atlas is due to be completed in late 2024.[103]
Skyscrapers have also be planned in the Pasila area, with a handful of over-100-meter-tall towers in various stages of planning or early construction as of 2024.