Hippobroma

Hippobroma longiflora, also called Star of Bethlehem or madamfate,^[2] is a flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is the only species in the genus Hippobroma. It is endemic to the West Indies, but has become naturalized across the American tropics and Oceania.^[3]

Hippobroma
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Campanulaceae
Subfamily:	Lobelioideae
Genus:	Hippobroma G.Don
Species:	H. longiflora
Binomial name
Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don
Its native range is Jamaica, but it has been introduced throughout the tropical regions of the world[1]
Synonyms[1]
Isotoma longiflora (L.) C.Presl Laurentia longiflora (L.) Peterm. Lobelia longiflora L. Rapuntium longiflorum (L.) Mill. Solenopsis longiflora (L.) M.R.Almeida Isotoma longiflora var. runcinata (Hassk.) Panigrahi, P.Daniel & M.V.Viswan. Isotoma runcinata Hassk. Laurentia longiflora var. runcinata (Hassk.) E.Wimm.

The five-petaled white flower has a very skinny floral tube only 2 or 3 mm (0.079 or 0.118 in) wide by 7 to 8 cm (2.8 to 3.1 in) in length.^[4] It is notable for its concentrations of two pyridine alkaloids: lobeline and nicotine. The effects of nicotine and lobeline are quite similar, with psychoactive effects at small dosages and with unpleasant effects including vomiting, muscle paralysis, and trembling at higher dosages.^[5] For this reason, H. longiflora (and its various synonyms) is often referenced for both its toxicity and its ethnobotanical uses.