Ikaroa-Rāwhiti

Ikaroa-Rāwhiti is a New Zealand parliamentary Māori electorate that was formed for the 1999 election. It covers the eastern North Island from East Cape south through Hawke's Bay and the Wairarapa to Wainuiomata and most of the Hutt Valley, but not southern Lower Hutt or Wellington City.

Ikaroa-Rāwhiti
Single-member Māori constituency for the New Zealand House of Representatives
Formation	1999
Region	Gisborne Hawke's Bay Manawatū-Whanganui Wellington
Character	Urban and rural
Term	3 years
Member for Ikaroa-Rāwhiti
Cushla Tangaere-Manuel[1] since 14 October 2023
Party	Labour
Previous MP	Meka Whaitiri (Te Pāti Māori)
Party vote distribution

It was held by Parekura Horomia of the Labour Party from 1999 until his death in 2013. A by-election to replace him was held on 29 June 2013. Meka Whaitiri held the seat for ten years under the Labour Party before changing political allegiances. Whaitiri left the Labour Party in early May 2023 and joined Te Pāti Māori. According to a ruling by the speaker of the House, Whaitiri continued to represent the electorate, not on behalf of a party, but as an independent.^[2] Labour's Cushla Tangaere-Manuel became MP in 2023. ^[3]

Population centres

Gisborne

As the electorate's name suggests (ika "fish", roa "long", rāwhiti "east"), Ikaroa-Rāwhiti is a long electorate covering the eastern North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui).

The electorate includes the following population centres (from north to south):

• Gisborne
• Wairoa
• Napier
• Hastings
• Central Hawke's Bay
• Tararua District
• Masterton and the Wairarapa district
• Wellington – Upper Hutt and Lower Hutt—northern suburbs (north of Fairway Drive and Daysh Street), western hills (excluding Korokoro), and Wainuiomata

In the 2013/14 redistribution, a minor boundary adjustment was undertaken. A small area, including the village of Tuai, was transferred to the Waiariki electorate.^[4]

Tribal areas

The electorate includes the following tribal areas:

• Ngāti Porou – Potikirua ki Te Toka-a-Taiau (Gisborne)
• Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki – Gisborne and Poverty Bay
• Rongowhakaata – Poverty Bay
• Ngāi Tāmanuhiri – Poverty Bay
• Ngāti Kahungunu – Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, Hastings, Napier and Wairarapa
• Ngāti Toa – Hutt Valley, and northern Lower Hutt

History

The electorate was formed for the 1999 election, which was won by Parekura Horomia of the Labour Party.^[5] Horomia's death on 29 April 2013 triggered a by-election,^[6] which was held on 29 June and won by Labour's Meka Whaitiri.^[7] The Māori Party had nominated tribal leader Na Rongowhakaata Raihania.^[8][9] and the Mana Party had selected television presenter Te Hamua Nikora as its candidate.^[10][11] The Green Party had selected environmentalist and human rights advocate Marama Davidson.^[12][13][14] Further candidates had been Michael Appleby for the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party^[12][15][16] plus two independent candidates.^[12] Based on preliminary results, Whaitiri more than tripled her 2014 election night majority over Mana's Nikora. Also based on preliminary results, Marama Fox of the Māori Party was elected to Parliament as a list MP.^[17]

Members of Parliament

Key

  Labour   Independent

Election	Winner
1999 election		Parekura Horomia
2002 election
2005 election
2008 election
2011 election
2013 by-election		Meka Whaitiri
2014 election
2017 election
2020 election
2023 election		Cushla Tangaere-Manuel

List MPs

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested Ikaroa-Rāwhiti. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

  Māori Party   Green

Election	Winner
2014 election		Marama Fox
2020 election		Elizabeth Kerekere

Election results

2023 election

2023 general election: Ikaroa-Rāwhiti[18]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Cushla Tangaere-Manuel		13,747	52.63	–2.94	14,775	54.79	–12.54
	Te Pāti Māori	N Meka Whaitiri		10,873	41.63	+10.69	6,722	24.92	+12.76
	Vision NZ	Ata Tuhakaraina		787	3.01	–
	Green						1,802	6.68	–1.79
	National						964	3.69	+1.36
	NZ First						927	3.54	–0.22
	Legalise Cannabis						280	1.03	–0.88
	NZ Loyal						257	0.95	–
	ACT						209	0.77	–0.11
	NewZeal						180	0.66	+0.03
	Freedoms NZ						169	0.62	–
	Opportunities						138	0.51	–0.23
	Animal Justice						26	0.09	–
	DemocracyNZ						26	0.09	–
	New Conservatives						18	0.06	–0.32
	Women's Rights						18	0.06	–
	Leighton Baker Party						9	0.03	–
	New Nation						9	0.03	–
Informal votes				711			436
Total valid votes				26,118			26,965
	Labour hold		Majority	2,874	11.00	–12.94

2020 election

2020 general election: Ikaroa-Rāwhiti[19]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Meka Whaitiri		13,642	55.57	+0.44	17,111	67.33	+1.80
	Māori Party	Heather Te Au-Skipworth		7,597	30.94	−5.28	3,089	12.16	−1.00
	Green	Elizabeth Kerekere		2,080	8.47	−0.17	1,647	6.48	+1.56
	Advance NZ	Waitangi Kupenga		791	3.22	—	638	2.51	—
	New Conservative	Melissa Lee-Ann Hill		245	1.00	—	96	0.38	+0.32
	Outdoors	Kelly Thurston		196	0.80	—	44	0.17	+0.13
	NZ First						956	3.76	−3.49
	National						593	2.33	−2.54
	Legalise Cannabis						486	1.91	+0.99
	ACT						223	0.88	+0.75
	Opportunities						189	0.74	−1.27
	ONE						164	0.63	—
	Vision NZ						161	0.63	—
	Sustainable NZ						6	0.02	—
	TEA						6	0.02	—
	Social Credit						3	0.01	±0.00
	Heartland						0	0.00	—
Informal votes				820			472
Total valid votes				25,371			25,884
	Labour hold		Majority	6,075	23.94	−25.90

2017 election

2017 general election: Ikaroa-Rawhiti[20]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Meka Whaitiri		12,274	53.68	+8.5	15,233	64.7	+17.32
	Māori Party	Marama Fox		8,064	35.27	+17.44	3,058	13.0	+0.81
	Green	Elizabeth Kerekere		1,924	8.41	-1.38	1,143	4.86	-5.42
	NZ First						1,685	7.16	-4.09
	National						1,131	4.8	-0.57
	Opportunities						468	1.99	+1.99
	Legalise Cannabis						214	0.91	-0.5
	Mana						198	0.84	-8.88[a]
	ACT						30	0.13	+0.2
	Ban 1080						28	0.12	+0.1
	People's Party						26	0.11	+0.11
	Conservative						15	0.06	-0.53
	Outdoors						9	0.04	+0.04
	Internet						5	0.02	-9.70[b]
	Democrats						1	0	-0.01
	United Future						1	0	-0.03
Informal votes				603			285
Total valid votes				22,865			23,530
	Labour hold		Majority	4,210	18.41	-3.23

2014 election

2014 general election: Ikaroa-Rāwhiti[21]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Meka Whaitiri		9,753	45.18	+4.28[c]	10,489	47.38	-2.20
	Mana	Te Hāmua Nikora		5,080	23.53	-2.59
	Māori Party	Marama Fox		3,848	17.83	-2.03	2,699	12.19	-1.79
	Green	Henare Kani		2,114	9.79	-1.36	2,275	10.28	+0.92
	Independent	Cathryn Eden		215	1.00	+1.00
	Expatriate Party	Vicky Rose		70	0.32	+0.32
	NZ First						2,490	11.25	-2.95
	Internet Mana						2,152	9.72	+0.12[d]
	National						1,189	5.37	-0.60
	Legalise Cannabis						313	1.41	-0.05
	Conservative						130	0.59	+0.19
	Ban 1080						25	0.11	+0.11
	ACT						24	0.11	+0.11
	Independent Coalition						11	0.05	+0.05
	United Future						6	0.03	-0.05
	Focus						4	0.02	+0.02
	Democrats						2	0.01	0.00
	Civilian						2	0.01	+0.01
Informal votes				506			325
Total valid votes				21,586			22,136
	Labour hold		Majority	4,673	21.64	-16.97

2013 by-election

The following table shows the final results of the by-election:^[7]

2013 Ikaroa-Rāwhiti by-election
Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the by-election. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list prior to the by-election. Yellow background denotes the winner of the by-election, who was a list MP prior to the by-election. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Meka Whaitiri	4,590	40.90	-19.81
	Mana Party	Te Hamua Nikora	2,931	26.12	+11.84
	Māori Party	Na Raihania	2,229	19.86	−3.24
	Green	Marama Davidson	1,251	11.15	+11.15
	Legalise Cannabis	Michael Appleby	176	1.57	+1.57
	Independent	Maurice Wairau	30	0.27	−1.64
	Independent	Adam Holland	15	0.13	+0.13
Total Valid votes			11,222
Informal votes			46	0.41	-4.93
Turnout			11,268	33.13	−22.46
Registered electors			34,008
	Labour hold	Majority	1,659	14.78	-22.83

2011 election

2011 general election: Ikaroa-Rāwhiti[22]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Parekura Horomia		10,558	60.71	+9.22	9,054	49.58	-7.62
	Māori Party	Na Raihania		4,017	23.10	-19.86	2,736	14.98	-11.91
	Mana	Tawhai McClutchie		2,484	14.28	+14.28	1,754	9.60	+9.60
	Independent	Maurice Wairau		332	1.91	+1.91
	Green						1,710	9.36	+6.21
	NZ First						1,516	8.30	+2.93
	National						1,091	5.97	+1.12
	Legalise Cannabis						267	1.46	+0.47
	Conservative						73	0.40	+0.40
	ACT						36	0.20	-0.04
	United Future						14	0.08	-0.01
	Libertarianz						7	0.04	+0.02
	Alliance						2	0.01	-0.004
	Democrats						2	0.01	-0.004
Informal votes				928			470
Total valid votes				17,391			18,262
	Labour hold		Majority	6,541	37.61	+29.08

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 32,951^[23]

2008 election

2008 general election: Ikaroa-Rāwhiti[24]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Parekura Horomia		9,927	51.49	-2.26	11,328	57.20	-1.08
	Māori Party	Derek Fox		8,282	42.96	+0.16	5,326	26.89	-1.17
	Green	Bevan Tipene		1,070	5.55	+5.55	625	3.16	+0.63
	NZ First						1,064	5.37	+0.64
	National						962	4.86	+2.13
	Legalise Cannabis						196	0.99	+0.18
	Family Party						77	0.39	+0.39
	Bill and Ben						68	0.34	+0.34
	ACT						47	0.24	+0.06
	Progressive						35	0.18	-0.12
	Kiwi						25	0.13	+0.13
	United Future						17	0.09	-0.29
	Workers Party						16	0.08	+0.08
	Pacific						7	0.04	+0.04
	Libertarianz						4	0.02	+0.01
	Alliance						3	0.02	-0.01
	Democrats						3	0.02	+0.01
	RONZ						2	0.01	-0.01
	RAM						0	0.00	±0.00
Informal votes				439			284
Total valid votes				19,279			19,805
	Labour hold		Majority	1,645	8.53	-2.29

2005 election

2005 general election: Ikaroa-Rāwhiti[25]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Parekura Horomia		9,502	53.75	-24.31	10,639	58.28
	Māori Party	Atareta Poananga		7,570	42.80	+42.80	5,122	28.06
	Destiny	Tauha Te Kani		614	3.47		360	1.97
	NZ First						846	4.63
	National						499	2.73
	Green						443	2.43
	Legalise Cannabis						147	0.81
	United Future						70	0.38
	Progressive						54	0.30
	ACT						33	0.18
	Family Rights						14	0.08
	Christian Heritage						7	0.04
	99 MP						5	0.03
	Alliance						5	0.03
	One NZ						3	0.02
	RONZ						3	0.02
	Democrats						2	0.01
	Libertarianz						2	0.01
	Direct Democracy						1	0.01
Informal votes				472			240
Total valid votes				17,686			18,255
	Labour hold		Majority	1,932	10.92	-61.33

1999 election

1999 general election: Ikaroa-Rāwhiti[26]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Parekura Horomia		7,442	40.99		10,763	59.03
	Independent	Derek Fox		6,747	37.16
	NZ First	Bill Gudgeon		1,084	5.97		2,185	11.98
	Alliance	Des Ratima		957	5.27		1,223	6.71
	Mauri Pacific	Rana Waitai		590	3.25		369	2.02
	National	Dale Stephens		376	2.07		812	4.45
	Christian Democrats	Tiwha Patricia Blake		235	1.29		170	0.93
	Christian Heritage	Peter Richard Amor		207	1.14		231	1.27
	Freedom Movement	Jennifer Waitai-Rapana		175	0.96		60	0.33
	ACT	Vicky Robin		139	0.77		99	0.54
	Mana Wahine	Beverly Rewa Nicholson		86	0.47
	Natural Law	Tim Irwin		66	0.36		28	0.15
	Aroha Ngia Tatou	Te Aroha Mei		51	0.28
	Mana Māori						750	4.11
	Green						727	3.99
	Legalise Cannabis						716	3.93
	Animals First						28	0.15
	One NZ						23	0.13
	The People's Choice						14	0.08
	McGillicuddy Serious						13	0.07
	United NZ						9	0.05
	Libertarianz						8	0.04
	NMP						3	0.02
	Republican						1	0.01
	South Island						1	0.01

Notes

1. Compared to Internet Mana party vote
2. Compared to Internet Mana party vote
3. Change in vote percentage for candidates is relative to the 2013 by-election
4. Compared to Mana Movement party vote