List of Internet organizations

The Internet is a global network governed by various organizations responsible for infrastructure management, policy regulation, cybersecurity, accessibility, and technical standards. These organizations include standards bodies, regional Internet registries, advocacy groups, commercial enterprises, and research institutions that contribute to the Internet’s functionality and growth.^[1]

This article provides an overview of the most influential organizations that play a key role in developing standards, managing IP addresses and domains, advocating for digital rights, and supporting the Internet’s continuous evolution.

Overview

The governance and operation of the Internet involve multiple key entities, generally categorized as follows:

• Standards Organizations – Define Internet protocols and technical standards.
• Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)^[2] – Manage the allocation of IP addresses.
• United Nations & Global Governance Bodies – Oversee international Internet policies.
• Research & Educational Institutions – Develop and support advanced Internet technologies.
• Accessibility & Digital Inclusion Initiatives – Expand Internet access worldwide.
• Commercial Enterprises – Provide infrastructure, services, and content.
• Historical Organizations – Former groups that played a crucial role in the Internet’s development.

Standards and governance organizations

These organizations develop, maintain, and enforce global Internet standards and policies.

Internet governance and standardization

• Internet Architecture Board (IAB) – Oversees the Internet’s technical standards.
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) – Manages the domain name system (DNS).
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) – Allocates IP addresses and DNS root zones.
• Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) – Coordinates the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – Develops open Internet standards such as TCP/IP.
• Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) – Conducts research on future Internet technologies.
• Internet Society (ISOC) – Advocates for an open and accessible Internet.
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) – Develops web standards such as HTML and CSS.

Advocacy and digital rights organizations

• Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) – Advocates for online privacy, security, and free speech.
• Open Technology Fund (OTF) – Supports Internet privacy and security technologies.
• Gaia-X (GAIA-X) – European initiative for an interoperable and federated cloud infrastructure.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) – Develops Internet security and networking protocols.

Regional internet registries

These organizations allocate and manage IP addresses in different regions worldwide.

Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)

RIR	Region Covered
AfriNIC	Africa
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)	North America, Canada, and parts of the Caribbean
Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC)	Asia-Pacific region
Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC)	Latin America and the Caribbean
Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)	Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia

United Nations and global internet governance bodies

These organizations contribute to international discussions and policymaking regarding the Internet.

• Internet Governance Forum (IGF) – A UN-backed forum for Internet governance discussions.
• World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) – Focuses on global digital inclusion and policymaking.
• Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) – Developed recommendations for Internet governance models.

Research and educational networks

These institutions conduct Internet-related research and provide high-performance networking for education and innovation.

• Merit Network – One of the oldest regional research networks in the U.S.
• National LambdaRail (NLR) – A former high-speed research network.
• Internet2 – Develops advanced networking technologies for education and research.
• OpenAI – Advances artificial intelligence research with significant Internet applications.

Accessibility and digital inclusion initiatives

These organizations focus on expanding Internet access and affordability worldwide.

• Internet.org – A Meta (formerly Facebook) initiative to provide free Internet access.
• Alliance for Affordable Internet – Works to make Internet access more affordable.
• Starlink – A SpaceX satellite broadband initiative to provide global Internet coverage.
• Project Taara – Uses laser-beam technology to deliver Internet in remote areas.

Commercial organizations

Many private companies have played key roles in the Internet’s growth and commercialization.

Major internet technology companies

• Amazon.com
• AOL (America Online)
• Cloudflare
• eBay
• Facebook (Meta)
• GitHub
• Google
• LinkedIn
• Netflix
• PayPal
• Twitter (X)
• Yahoo!
• YouTube
• Microsoft Azure
• OpenAI
• TikTok
• Discord

Historical internet organizations

These organizations played a significant role in the Internet’s early development but are now defunct or have been restructured.

• Advanced Network and Services (ANS) – Helped commercialize the NSFNET backbone.
• DARPA – Developed the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet.
• InterNIC – Managed early domain name registration before ICANN.
• NSFNET – U.S. National Science Foundation’s Internet backbone project.
• PSINet – One of the first commercial Internet providers.
• UUNet – Early Internet service provider (ISP), later acquired by Verizon.