Johan Köhler

Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler (1818 – 14 April 1873) was a Dutch general in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army who was active the Dutch East Indies from the 1830s to his death. He participated in the outbreak of the Aceh War, but was killed near the Baiturrahman Grand Mosque during the First Aceh Expedition.

Johan Köhler
Birth name	Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler
Born	(1818-07-03)3 July 1818 Groningen, Netherlands
Died	14 April 1873(1873-04-14) (aged 54) Banda Aceh, Aceh Sultanate
Buried	Kebon Jahe Kober
Allegiance	Dutch East Indies
Branch	Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
Service years	1832–1873
Rank	Major-general
Battles	First Aceh Expedition †
Awards	Military Order of William
Spouse(s)	J. Beekhuis
Children	4

Early life

Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler was born in Groningen, Netherlands, on 3 July 1818. He married J. Beekhuis, with whom he had four children, on 29 January 1859.^[1]

Career

Köhler enlisted into the 9th Infantry Division on 3 May 1832, and participated in Dutch military campaigns in Belgium in 1832. He was promoted to corpoal on 21 May 1834, fourier on 16 December 1836, and sergeant on 2 July 1838. He was transferred to the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and left for the Dutch East Indies on 14 November 1839. He rose to second lieutenant four months after arriving in the East Indies, to first lieutenant on 4 October 1847, and captain on 29 February 1852.^[1]

Lampung was governed by Köhler in the 1850s. In 1856, he became the Government Commissioner for Lampung.^[1] The Military Order of William was given to Köhler on 7 January 1857, for his service in Lampung.^[1][2][3]

During Köhler's time on leave from 1857 to 1859, he was promoted to major in June 1858. He was placed in command of the 2nd Infantry Battalion in 1859, and then the Garrison Battalion of Banka in 1860. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in April 1862, colonel on 28 September 1865, and major general on 7 January 1873.^[1]

Köhler led a force of 3,000 in the First Aceh Expedition to force the Aceh Sultanate into being a Dutch protectorate.^[4] Eeldert Christiaan van Daalen [nl] served as his deputy during the campaign. His army arrived at Panté Ceureumèn on 6 April 1873, and reached the Baiturrahman Grand Mosque on 10 April.^[5] Köhler was killed by Acehnese soldiers on 14 April,^[2] under a tree near the mosque.^[6] 45 men died, with 8 of those being officers, and 405 were wounded.^[5] This campaign launched the Aceh War which would continue for another thirty years.^[4]

King William III of the Netherlands gave his condolences to Köhler's relatives while visiting Groningen.^[7][8] Köhler's soldiers were unable to bring his body with them and he was buried in Aceh. In 1954, Köhler's remains were reinterned at the Peutjoet Cemetery.^[9] The tree that Köhler died under was cut down in 2015.^[10]