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John Hick (politician)
English industrialist and politician (1815–1894) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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John Hick JP DL (2 July 1815 – 2 February 1894) was a wealthy[1] English industrialist, art collector and Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1868 to 1880,[2][3] he is associated with the improvement of steam-engines for cotton mills and the work of his firm Hick, Hargreaves and Co. universal in countries where fibre was spun or fabrics woven.[4]
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Family
Hick was the eldest son of Benjamin Hick (1790–1842), a civil and mechanical engineer[5] responsible for improvements to the steam-engine,[6] and his wife Elizabeth Routledge (1783–1826), daughter of William Routledge of Elvington Yorkshire.[2] Elizabeth's brother and Hick's uncle, Joshua Routledge (1773–1829) also an engineer living in Bolton, designed the Engineer's Improved Slide Rule and patented improvements to the Rotary steam engine.[7][8][9][10]
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Education and early career
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Educated at a private school near Alderley, Cheshire and Bolton Grammar School[11] where he received a commercial and classical education, Hick entered Benjamin Hick's Soho Works from school and from a young age, management of the Bolton engineering firm Benjamin Hick and Son with his father. Following Benjamin Hick's death in 1842, in 1845 Hick became senior partner in the family business, later Hick, Hargreaves, & Co., he joined the Institution of Civil Engineers and Society of Arts in the same year.[2][12][13][4][14]
He was Church Warden for James Slade[15] and warden for St Peter's church Belmont, Lancashire between 1862 and 1874,[16] Governor of Bolton Grammar School,[2] Town councillor for nine years from 1844,[3][2] and founder member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers from 1847 until 1852,[13] member of the London Association of Foreman Engineers and Draughtsman,[17] National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church in England and Wales,[18] a liberal patron of the fine arts[2] and Justice of the Peace for the Borough of Bolton and Salford Hundred.[12]
In 1839, age 23, while working for B. Hick and Son, John Hick Jr as he was referred to at the time, was awarded the silver medal by the Society of Arts for his novel invention of an expanding mandrel for turning lathes, it was an adaptation of a principle developed by Marc Brunel for pulley block manufacture at Portsmouth and received the praise of three eminent engineers; Bryan Donkin, Joshua Field and John Rennie.[19]
During 1842, Hick was awarded a second silver medal by the Society of Arts for his invention of an Elliptograph; conceived in 1840,[20] the device provided a simple and accurate solution for the drawing ellipsoid forms of various proportions. Hick received further praise from James Nasmyth, William Fairbairn, Joseph Whitworth, and amongst others, Charles Holtzapffel, Chairman of the Committee of Mechanics. Models of both devices were placed in the Society's repository.[19][21] A diagrammatic model in wood of Hick's rotary engine produced in 1843 is held in the Science Museum collection.[22]
John Hick's younger brother Benjamin also presented to the Society of Arts; in 1844, while employed by George Forrester and Company, Benjamin Hick (1818–1845) outlined his design for an improved double-cylinder marine steam engine,[23][24] but died prematurely the next year.[25] About 1845 John produced a 1:12 scale model of a high pressure two-cylinder design for a horizontal saw-mill engine, now displayed at the Institute of Mechanical Engineers.[26][27] He contributed a paper to the institute in 1849 on a friction clutch for connecting and disconnecting the driving power with shafts and machinery.[13] A B. Hick and Son, 1:12 scale patent model of disconnecting apparatus, for screw propellers, c. 1855 is held in the Science Museum marine engines collection.[28]
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Marriage
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John Hick married Margaret Bashall (1824–1872), eldest daughter of industrialist William Bashall, partner in Bashall & Boardman of Farington Lodge, near Preston on 24 June 1846,[2][29][30] they raised four daughters.[2]
Following Margaret Hick's death 18 July 1872,[31] Hick married the sister of his son-in-law, Rebecca Maria Ashworth (1838–1908),[32] eldest daughter of Edmund Ashworth JP (1800–1881) of Egerton Hall on 16 December 1874 at Holy Trinity Church, Clapham;[32] the couple were married by Margaret Hick's cousin and brother-in-law Reverend William Bashall (1830–1902), Vicar of Deane, Lancashire,[33] by special licence from the Archbishop of Canterbury, Archibald Tait.[34] Edmund Ashworth was a cotton manufacturer, proprietor of E. Ashworth & Sons and Egerton Mill, founder member of the Anti-Corn Law League with his brother Henry Ashworth (1794–1880)[35] JP, in association with John Bright and Richard Cobden (Henry Ashworth's brother-in-law), and supporter of reforming, anti-slavery and peace organisations.[36] The Ashworths are both thought to have been Oswald Millbank in Benjamin Disraeli's novel Coningsby.[37][38][39][40][41] The two families (Hick and Ashworth) were linked by marriage in 1868 when Hick's first child and eldest daughter Margaret (1847–1929) married Edmund Ashworth Jr (1833–1901).[42][43] The "highly respected" Reverend Bashall retired[33] to the position of curate at St Barnabas church, Addison Road, Kensington from about 1876[33][44][45] remaining in the area until his death, 1902.[46][47]
The Great Exhibition
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1851 saw the Crystal Palace Exhibition in Hyde Park; early in 1850 Mayor of Bolton, Thomas Lever Rushton (1810–1883) was appointed chairman of a committee to organise the town's efforts toward the Exhibition and presented as a Local Commissioner to Prince Albert at St James's Palace 18 March 1850.[48][49]
While the family business of Benjamin Hick and Son displayed machinery[50][51][52] and engineering models in the Crystal Palace,[53][54] John Hick also sat as a United Kingdom Juror with the notable figures of Wilhelm Engerth, William Fairbairn, John Farey, Henry Maudslay (1822–1899), grandson of Henry Maudslay,[55] Rev. Henry Moseley and Robert Napier for Class V. Machines for Direct Use, Including Carriages, Railway and Marine Mechanism.[56][57] Condition 6. of the Exhibition's Decisions Regarding Juries restricted jurors from competing for prizes in the class to which they were appointed; prizes could not be awarded to the individual or the companies the Juror represented.[58]
In 1855, Hick exhibited two pieces from his collection of artworks: The Stag Hunt[59] and Lady Jane Grey and Roger Ascham by John Callcott Horsley in the Fine Art Division of the Exposition Universelle (1855) alongside his father-in-law William Bashall who presented The Madrigal, also by Horsley.[60] Hick and Bashall used the same pair again for the 1857 Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester with Cupid and Psyche by Benjamin West PRA[61] and Crossing the Brook by Paul Falconer Poole.[62]
Hick was a force behind the movement that led to the formation of the 27th Lancashire Rifle Volunteers from the Bolton area,[12] he was offered command, but declined;[63] The Regiment was formed on 15 November 1859 following tensions between the United Kingdom and France[64] and the out break of war between France and the Austrian Empire during April of the same year.[65] William Gray MP JP (1814–1895) and former Mayor of Bolton became Lieutenant Colonel 1 January 1861;[66][67] John Hick's nephew Benjamin Hick (1845–1882),[25] manager in Hick, Hargreaves & Co,[68] was made a Captain 16 March 1872,[69] resigning his commission about four years later 23 February 1876.[70]
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Bolton Iron and Steel Company
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In 1860, partners in B. Hick and Son, John Hick and William Hargreaves joined Thomas Lever Rushton's brother-in-law Henry Sharp as partners in Sharp and Eckersley, formerly Rushton and Eckersley before Rushton's retirement from the firm in 1859. The three partners Sharp, Hick and Hargreaves formed the Bolton Iron & Steel Company;[48][49] situated next door to Rothwell's Union Foundry (on the site of Bolton's old bus station) the company supplied basic metals required by the major manufacturers in the area.[71] Bessemer steel making began about 1860[72] – four six-ton Bessemer converters were installed during the 1860s,[73] and experiments with the Sieman's open-hearth process began in 1867.[74] Rolling, casting and forging equipment was installed, its products included steel deck beams for ships and sheet metal for shovels,[75] during 1865 Bolton Iron & Steel cast the largest anvil block made in England, weighing 210 tons. By 1869 the company was making open hearth steel and manufacturing steam hammers to the design of Francis Webb.[74][76] Hick's nephew, Benjamin [68] became a shareholder following incorporation on 9 June 1876.[77]
About 1861 society painter Francis Grant produced portraits of John Hick and his wife Margaret, both works eventually hung together in the family home at Mytton Hall.[6] Between 1860 and 1865 a studio portrait photograph of Hick by Maull and Polyblank was published as part of a series of 58 Victorian scientists, engineers, explorers etc.[78] Hick was an associate of Bolton engineer, artist and photographer Reuben Mitchell (1812–1895), and pursued his own interest in photography,[79][80] he was also a supporter of the artists Copley Fielding, William Powell Frith, Patrick Nasmyth, Samuel Prout, Edward Matthew Ward and others;[6] the engineer and artist James Nasmyth described John Hick as an "excellent friend".[81]
Hick wrote a history of Timothy Hackworth's locomotive Sans Pareil and presented the restored engine to the Patent Office Museum (now the Science Museum) in 1864,[82] he also photographed William M. Gowland for Bennett Woodcroft. Gowland was driver of Hackworth's Royal George and driver of Sans Pareil at the Rainhill Trials.[79][83]
Sans Pareil was previously owned by Hick's brother-in-law and eventual business partner John Hargreaves Jr (1800–1874) who had the engine fully repaired and running on the Bolton and Leigh Railway in 1837.[84][85] Sans Pareil is now housed at the National Railway Museum's Shildon Locomotion Museum annexe.[86][87]
In 1867, Hick first published a paper, reprinted from The Engineer, 1 June 1866, Experiments on the Friction of the Leather Collars in Hydraulic Presses, that expanded on the work of Dr William Rankine, describing an important series of experiments carried out using a joint invention of Hick and Robert Lüthy (1840–1884),[88] a Swiss engineer, initially employed by Hick as a draughtsman[89] and inventor of a hydraulic cotton packing press. Hick's father was the inventor of the self tightening collar, used universally in hydraulic presses.[90][91][92][93]
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Parliament
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On 17 November 1868 Hick was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bolton.[2] After election and to avoid a conflict of interest, he immediately resigned his position within Hick, Hargreaves and Co.,[2] the firm were already in possession of government contracts,[12][13] and withdrew from the Bolton Iron and Steel Company.[94] During this period he stayed in St James's, Piccadilly, his first wife and family remaining at Hill Top, Belmont[2][95] an extensive late 18th century manor house rented from a local family.[96][16]
About July 1870, John Hick was trustee to the estate of former Bolton mayor and MP Stephen Blair with Thomas Lever Rushton, William Hargreaves and others, empowered to build and furnish a 'free hospital for sick persons without limit of domicile'. Blair Hospital, now demolished was built on land donated by mayor James Knowles at Bromley Cross.[97][98] Hick was Deputy Lieutenant for the County Palatine from 1870 until his death[89]
He was a liberal Conservative in favour of education based on religion,[2] a supporter of the general principles of the Education Act 1870 and an adherent to the view that religious and secular education should not be separated.[12] As a Conservative he was a member of the Carlton, Conservative[2] and St Stephen's Clubs.[99][100]
John Hick was actively involved in debates about the welfare of people working in factories with steam boilers and in May 1870 chaired a Select Committee to investigate steam boiler explosions; following the report in August 1870, he introduced a Bill "...to provide a more efficient remedy to persons injured and property damaged by the explosion of steam boilers through negligence".[4][12][13][101] Hick was a director of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) under the chairmanship of Sir Richard Moon and Lord Richard Grosvenor, from 1871 until his death[102] and took an active interest in the development of the LNWR system.[12]
In April 1871 he seconded a motion by Colonel Barttelot (1820–1893), Conservative MP for Sussex Western 1860–1885, for a Select Committee "...to inquire into the merits of the Martini-Henry Rifle...whether it is the most suitable rifle as compared with others now manufactured to arm our troops with."[13][103] He rejoined the Institute of Mechanical Engineers in the same year,[13] proposed by Frederick Bramwell[104] and elected a Member of Council in 1872.[13] His first wife, Margaret died at Hill Top in July 1872.[31]
For his contribution to the 1873 International Exhibition at South Kensington Hick was presented with a bronze medal,[105] he was a member of the Permanent Committee for the Representation for British Pictures for the 1874 International Exhibition with fellow MPs Henry Bolckow, Alexander Brown, Henry Eaton, Joshua Fielden, William Graham, John Snowdon Henry, John Pender and others.[106]
Hick debated Supply – Army Estimates, June 1873 drawing attention to the improvement of heavy ordnance.[13][107] As a parliamentarian he was frequently consulted by Government on subjects relating to armaments and the construction of boilers for war-vessels,[4] he also served on a Select Committee appointed June 1874 to investigate the testing of chain cable and anchors for the Navy[4][12][13] and as Vice President of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers between 1874 and 1876.[13]
On taking up residence at Mytton Hall in 1874,[108][109] Hick became a Justice of the Peace for Whalley, Lancashire,[12] he was an executor for the estate of his brother-in-law, John Hargreaves in March 1875 following his death at Silwood Park, Sunninghill 18 December 1874,[110] two days after Hick's marriage to Rebecca Ashworth.[32] Widowed with eight children,[111] Hick's elder sister Mary (1813–1878)[7][112] moved to Queen's Gate, South Kensington, but died there just over 3 years later, 4 January 1878.[113] Around this time Hick began to use a summer residence at Woodlands, Lezayre, Isle of Man,[100][114][1][115] where he also became a Justice of the Peace.[116]
On 15 March 1879, towards the end of his time as an MP, John Hick with J. Turay and Charles Denton Abel of 20 Southamptom Buildings, an address associated with Abel & Imray,[117] Lt Colonel Francis Bolton,[118] Colonel Frederick Beaumont, Liberal MP for South Durham 1868–1880, Alexander Brogden JP of John Brogden and Sons, Liberal MP 1868–1885 for Wednesbury and J.T. Jones registered the Aqueous Works and Diamond Rock-boring Company (Limited), Crown Works, Guildford Street, York Road, Lambeth. Between the Thames side marine engine workshops of Maudslay, Son & Field[119] and the General Lying-In Hospital[120] - a short walk over Westminster Bridge from St Stephen's Club and the Houses of Parliament,[121] the company with £300,000 capital in £5 shares "...bought out and patented the system of using diamonds for boring".[122][123]
He debated Railway accidents – the adoption of continuous brakes, June 1879.[124] As a director of LNWR, Hick defended the railway's position, stating he "regarded all automatic machinery with distrust".[125] He was elected a member of the Iron and Steel Institute the same year[4] and held the Bolton seat until 24 March 1880[13][126] when as a result of ill-health, he chose not to stand for re-election.[127] The Aqueous Works and Diamond Rock-boring Company liquidated about 1892.[128]
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Pollution trial
After leaving parliament Hick and Lt Colonel Ralph John Aspinall JP, DL, campaigned against the pollution and poisoning of salmon and trout in the River Ribble and its tributaries by local industry;[12] Hick raised the issue of pollution in the Ribble during the third reading of the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act 1876 (39 & 40 Vict. c. 75).[129] Aspinall and Hick fought a publicised and successful legal battle in the Court of Chancery against the cotton mills of Mitchell and Carlisle during July 1880 leading to a landmark judgement that set a precedent for controlling environmental pollution.[109]
The river ran close to Mytton Hall where landlord Aspinall held the fishing rights and John Hick was lessee.[108][109] The trial was presided over by the Vice-Chancellor of England, Sir James Bacon.[130][131] In December 1880 Hick and Aspinall received presentations at Mytton Hall from the local angling community in recognition of "...their services in preventing pollution to the River Ribble and its tributaries".[132]
Hick delivered a lecture entitled 'Self Help' reprinted and published by the Bolton: Chronicle Office in 1884.[89]
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Science Museum
During 1887 Hick was a member of the mechanical collections committee chaired by John Slagg, MP with other experts and politicians; Sir William Armstrong, Sir Joseph Bazelgette, James Brunlees, Edward Cowper, Professor Thomas Minchin Goodeve,[133][134] Sir Charles Gregory, James Howard, MP, Charles Manby, John Hinde Palmer, Sir Edward Reed, MP and Sir Bernhard Samuelson, MP established with several committees for the purpose of advising a central committee appointed by the Treasury to investigate the forming of a Science Museum and National Gallery of Portraits in South Kensington, situated between the Natural History Museum and what was to be the Imperial Institute.[135]
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Death
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After some months of failing health, Hick died age 78 at Mytton Hall,[12][89] Whalley, Lancashire[13] where he lived.
Like his father Benjamin, John Hick accumulated a large and valuable collection of art works, some of which was inherited, others purchased from the auction of Benjamin Hick's estate in 1843.[6][137][138] He devoted his final years at Mytton Hall to compiling an elaborately illustrated catalogue of the collection;[12] some of these works were auctioned by Christie's during June and July 1909[139] following Rebecca Hick's death in October 1908.[32][114] The Hick library at Mytton Hall was dispersed at Capes Dunne & Co. Manchester in November 1909.[140]
Hill Top, the family home Hick shared with his first wife Margaret was destroyed by fire about this time.[96][16]
From the year of his death the London North Western Railway (LNWR) produced 10 steam locomotives of the John Hick Class (1894–1912); a Francis Webb design of 2-2-2-2 configuration,[141] engine No. 20 named John Hick. The following 9 engines were named after engineers and inventors, principally from the Industrial and Second Industrial Revolution: No. 1505 Richard Arkwright, No. 1512 Henry Cort, No. 1534 William Froude, No. 1535 Henry Maudslay, No. 1536 Hugh Myddelton, No. 1548 John Penn, No. 1549 John Rennie, No. 1557 Thomas Savery and No. 1559 William Siemens.[142][143][144]
Hick was unique in that he was the only LNWR director to have a locomotive class named after him in memoriam.[145][146]
Following withdrawal of the John Hick Class in 1912, during the month of the anniversary of Hick's death, February 1913, 5 of 6 names were transferred to the LNWR George the Fifth Class, locomotive No. 752 named John Hick, serving up to 1935 with the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS).[147]
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