José Gustavo Guerrero

José Gustavo Guerrero (26 June 1876 – 25 October 1958) was a Salvadoran diplomat and jurist who served as the last president of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1937 to 1946 and the first president of the International Court of Justice from 1946 to 1949. He also served as President of the Assembly of the League of Nations from 1929 to 1930.

Doctor José Gustavo Guerrero
Guerrero at the White House in 1927
1st President of the International Court of Justice
In office 6 February 1946 – 1949
Vice President	Jules Basdevant
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Jules Basdevant
2nd Vice President of the International Court of Justice
In office 1949 – 5 February 1955
President	Jules Basdevant (until 1952) Arnold McNair (from 1952)
Preceded by	Jules Basdevant
Succeeded by	Abdel Hamid Badawi
Judge of the International Court of Justice
In office 6 February 1946 – 25 October 1958
President of the Permanent Court of International Justice
In office 1936–1946
Vice President	Cecil Hurst
Preceded by	Cecil Hurst
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Vice President of the Permanent Court of International Justice
In office 1931–1936
President	Mineichirō Adachi (until 1933) Cecil Hurst (from 1934)
Preceded by	Max Huber
Succeeded by	Cecil Hurst
Judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice
In office 16 January 1931 – October 1945
12th President of the Assembly of the League of Nations
In office September 1929 – 1930
Preceded by	Herluf Zahle
Succeeded by	Nicolae Titulescu
Minister of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador
In office 27 April 1927 – 1928
President	Pío Romero Bosque
Preceded by	Reyes Arrieta Rossi
Succeeded by	Francisco Martínez Suárez
Personal details
Born	(1876-06-26)26 June 1876 San Salvador, El Salvador
Died	25 October 1958(1958-10-25) (aged 82) Nice, France
Alma mater	University of El Salvador San Carlos University
Occupation	Diplomat, jurist

Early life

José Gustavo Guerrero was born on 26 June 1876 in San Salvador, El Salvador.^[1] During the 1890s, Guerrero attended the University of El Salvador. He and other students were expelled from the university after issuing an open letter to Salvadoran president Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez criticizing his government.^[2] Guerrero then moved to Guatemala to attend the San Carlos University of Guatemala where he graduated as a Doctor of Law in 1898.^[3] After Guerrero's graduation, he returned to El Salvador where President Tomás Regalado appointed him as his personal secretary.^[2]

Diplomatic career

In 1902, Guerrero was appointed as secretary of the Salvadoran embassy to the United States^[4] and later as consul of El Salvador to Bordeaux, France.^[5] In 1911, he was appointed as El Salvador's extraordinary and plenipotentiary envoy to Rome, Italy.^[6][7] In June 1911, Guerrero attended the coronation of British king George V.^[8] In 1912, Guerrero became El Salvador's envoy to Madrid, Spain, and in 1913, he became envoy to Paris, France.^[7]

In 1927, Salvadoran president Pío Romero Bosque offered to appoint Guerrero as Minister of Foreign Affairs but Guerrero declined. Guerrero later accepted the appointment due to pressure from his associates to accept the position.^[6] Guerrero became Minister of Foreign Affairs on 27 April 1927.^[9] As minister, he established the Diplomatic School of El Salvador.^[6] On 23 May 1927, Guerrero issued a decree that privatized the University of El Salvador.^[2] In 1928, Guerrero led the Salvadoran delegation at the VI Interamerican Conference in Havana, Cuba.^[6] He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs until his resignation in 1928^[3] and he returned to Paris to resume his role as extraordinary and plenipotentiary envoy.^[10]

In September 1929, Guerrero was elected almost unanimously as the president of the 10th session of the Assembly of the League of Nations.^[10][11] He served until 1930.^[3]

Jurist career

Permanent Court of International Justice

In 1930, Guerrero was elected to a nine-year term as a justice of the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague, Netherlands.^[12] He assumed office in 1931,^[11] and that year, he became the court's vice president. In 1936, Guerrero became the court's president.^[3] Upon the end of his nine-year term, Guerrero was re-elected to a second term.^[12]

During the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, Guerrero and a group of Dutch officials personally blocked German soldiers from entering the Palace of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Guerrero was the only one of the court's justices to remain in The Hague during the invasion of the Netherlands.^[2] Eventually, however, Guerrero left the Netherlands.^[13] During World War II, Guerrero helped Colonel José Castellanos Contreras, El Salvador's consul to Switzerland, issue fake Salvadoran passports to Jews fleeing Nazi-occupied Europe.^[2]

International Court of Justice

On 6 February 1946, Guerrero was elected as the first president of the newly-established International Court of Justice (ICJ).^[12][14] He served until 1949 when he became the court's vice president; he served as vice president until 5 February 1955. That day, he was elected to a second term as an ICJ justice through 1964.^[14]

Personal life

Guerrero had several children including Gustavo Adolfo who became a Salvadoran diplomat and ambassador.^[15]

Guerrero was a proponent of Central American reunification and the reestablishment of the Federal Republic of Central America.^[16]

Death

Guerrero died on 25 October 1958 in Nice, France.^[4] He was buried in a cemetery in Nice.^[17]

Legacy

Guerrero's is celebrated in El Salvador annually on 26 June (Guerrero's birthday) as the Day of the Diplomatic Salvadoran. The Dr. José Gustavo Guerrero Diplomatic Institute in Antiguo Cuscatlán, El Salvador is named after him.^[2][5] The Doctor José Gustavo Guerrero Medal of Diplomatic Merit of El Salvador is also named after him.^[18]

Awards and decorations

El Salvador

• Grand Cross with Golden Plaque of the National Order of José Matías Delgado^[8][19]
• 5 November 1811 Order of Merit [es] (23 January 2019, posthumous)^[19]