Kerr–Newman–de–Sitter metric

The Kerr–Newman–de–Sitter metric (KNdS)^[1][2] is one of the most general stationary solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell equations in general relativity that describes the spacetime geometry in the region surrounding an electrically charged, rotating mass embedded in an expanding universe. It generalizes the Kerr–Newman metric by taking into account the cosmological constant ${\displaystyle \Lambda }$.

Boyer–Lindquist coordinates

Main article: Boyer–Lindquist coordinates

In those coordinates the local clocks and rulers are at constant ${\displaystyle {\rm {r}}}$ and have no local orbital angular momentum ${\displaystyle {\rm {(L_{z}=0)}}}$, therefore they are corotating with the frame-dragging velocity relative to the fixed stars. In (+, −, −, −) signature and in natural units of ${\displaystyle {\rm {G=M=c=k_{e}=1}}}$ the KNdS metric is^[3][4][5][6]

${\displaystyle g_{\rm {tt}}={\rm {-{\frac {3\ [a^{2}\ \sin ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}\ \Lambda \ \cos ^{2}\theta +3\right)+a^{2}\left(\Lambda \ r^{2}-3\right)+\Lambda \ r^{4}-3\ r^{2}+6\ r-3\mho ^{2}]}{\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda +3\right)^{2}\left(a^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}\right)}}}}}$

${\displaystyle g_{\rm {rr}}={\rm {-{\frac {a^{2}\ \cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}}{\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)\left(1-{\frac {\Lambda \ r^{2}}{3}}\right)-2\ r+\mho ^{2}}}}}}$

${\displaystyle g_{\rm {\theta \theta }}={\rm {-{\frac {3\left(a^{2}\ \cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}\right)}{a^{2}\ \Lambda \ \cos ^{2}\theta +3}}}}}$

${\displaystyle g_{\rm {\phi \phi }}={\rm {\frac {9\ \{{\frac {1}{3}}\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}\ \Lambda \cos ^{2}\theta +3\right)-a^{2}\sin ^{4}\theta \ [\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)\left(1-\Lambda \ r^{2}/3\right)-2\ r+\mho ^{2}]\}}{-\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda +3\right)^{2}\left(a^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}\right)}}}}$

${\displaystyle g_{\rm {t\phi }}={\rm {\frac {3\ a\ \sin ^{2}\theta \ [a^{2}\ \Lambda \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)\cos ^{2}\theta +a^{2}\ \Lambda \ r^{2}+\Lambda \ r^{4}+6\ r-3\ \mho ^{2}]}{\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda +3\right)^{2}\left(a^{2}\ \cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}\right)}}}}$

with all the other metric tensor components ${\displaystyle g_{\mu \nu }=0}$, where ${\displaystyle {\rm {a}}}$ is the black hole's spin parameter, ${\displaystyle {\rm {\mho }}}$ its electric charge, and ${\displaystyle {\rm {\Lambda =3H^{2}}}}$^[7] the cosmological constant with ${\displaystyle {\rm {H}}}$ as the time-independent Hubble parameter. The electromagnetic 4-potential is

${\displaystyle {\rm {A_{\mu }=\left\{{\frac {3\ r\ \mho }{\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda +3\right)\left(a^{2}\ \cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}\right)}},\ 0,\ 0,\ -{\frac {3\ a\ r\ \mho \ \sin ^{2}\theta }{\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda +3\right)\left(a^{2}\ \cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}\right)}}\right\}}}}$

The frame-dragging angular velocity is

${\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {\rm {d\phi }}{\rm {dt}}}=-{\frac {g_{\rm {t\phi }}}{g_{\rm {\phi \phi }}}}={\rm {\frac {a\ [a^{2}\ \Lambda \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)\cos ^{2}\theta +a^{2}\ \Lambda \ r^{2}+6\ r+\Lambda \ r^{4}-3\ \mho ^{2}]}{a^{2}\ \sin ^{2}\theta \ [a^{2}\left(\Lambda \ r^{2}-3\right)+6\ r+\Lambda \ r^{4}-3\ r^{2}-3\ \mho ^{2}]+a^{2}\ \Lambda \ \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta +3\ \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{2}}}}}$

and the local frame-dragging velocity relative to constant ${\displaystyle {\rm {\{r,\theta ,\phi \}}}}$ positions (the speed of light at the ergosphere)

${\displaystyle \nu ={\sqrt {g_{\rm {t\phi }}\ g^{\rm {t\phi }}}}={\rm {\sqrt {-{\frac {a^{2}\ \sin ^{2}\theta \ [a^{2}\ \Lambda \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)\cos ^{2}\theta +a^{2}\Lambda \ r^{2}+6\ r+\Lambda \ r^{4}-3\ \mho ^{2}]^{2}}{\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda \ \cos ^{2}\theta +3\right)\left(a^{2}+r^{2}-a^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta \right)^{2}[a^{2}\left(\Lambda \ r^{2}-3\right)+6\ r+\Lambda \ r^{4}-3\ r^{2}-3\ \mho ^{2}]}}}}}}$

The escape velocity (the speed of light at the horizons) relative to the local corotating zero-angular momentum observer is

${\displaystyle {\rm {v}}={\sqrt {1-1/g^{\rm {tt}}}}={\rm {\sqrt {{\frac {3\left(a^{2}\Lambda \cos ^{2}\theta +3\right)\left(a^{2}+r^{2}-a^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta \right)^{2}\left[a^{2}\left(\Lambda r^{2}-3\right)+\Lambda r^{4}-3r^{2}+6r-3\mho ^{2}\right]}{\left(a^{2}\Lambda +3\right)^{2}\left(a^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}\right)\{a^{2}\Lambda \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta +3\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{2}+a^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta \left[a^{2}\left(\Lambda r^{2}-3\right)+\Lambda r^{4}-3r^{2}+6r-3\mho ^{2}\right]\}}}+1}}}}$

The conserved quantities in the equations of motion

${\displaystyle {\rm {{\ddot {x}}^{\mu }=-\sum _{\alpha ,\beta }\ (\Gamma _{\alpha \beta }^{\mu }\ {\dot {x}}^{\alpha }\ {\dot {x}}^{\beta }+q\ {\rm {F}}^{\mu \beta }\ {\rm {\dot {x}}}^{\alpha }}}\ g_{\alpha \beta })}$

where ${\displaystyle {\rm {\dot {x}}}}$ is the four velocity, ${\displaystyle {\rm {q}}}$ is the test particle's specific charge and ${\displaystyle {\rm {F}}}$ the Maxwell–Faraday tensor

${\displaystyle {\rm {{\ F}_{\mu \nu }={\frac {\partial A_{\mu }}{\partial x^{\nu }}}-{\frac {\partial A_{\nu }}{\partial x^{\mu }}}}}}$

are the total energy

${\displaystyle {\rm {E=-p_{t}}}=g_{\rm {tt}}{\rm {\dot {t}}}+g_{\rm {t\phi }}{\rm {\dot {\phi }}}+{\rm {q\ A_{t}}}}$

and the covariant axial angular momentum

${\displaystyle {\rm {L_{z}=p_{\phi }}}=-g_{\rm {\phi \phi }}{\rm {\dot {\phi }}}-g_{\rm {t\phi }}{\rm {\dot {t}}}-{\rm {q\ A_{\phi }}}}$

The overdot stands for differentiation by the testparticle's proper time ${\displaystyle \tau }$ or the photon's affine parameter, so ${\displaystyle {\rm {{\dot {x}}=dx/d\tau ,\ {\ddot {x}}=d^{2}x/d\tau ^{2}}}}$.

Null coordinates

To get ${\displaystyle g_{\rm {rr}}=0}$ coordinates we apply the transformation

${\displaystyle {\rm {dt=du-{\frac {dr\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda /3+1\right)\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)}{\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)\left(1-\Lambda \ r^{2}/3\right)-2\ r+\mho ^{2}}}}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {d\phi =d\varphi -{\frac {a\ dr\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda /3+1\right)}{\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)\left(1-\Lambda \ r^{2}/3\right)-2\ r+\mho ^{2}}}}}}$

and get the metric coefficients

${\displaystyle g_{\rm {ur}}={\rm {-{\frac {3}{a^{2}\ \Lambda +3}}}}}$

${\displaystyle g_{\rm {r\varphi }}={\rm {\frac {3\ a\sin ^{2}\theta }{a^{2}\ \Lambda +3}}}}$

${\displaystyle g_{\rm {uu}}=g_{\rm {tt}}\ ,\ \ g_{\theta \theta }=g_{\theta \theta }\ ,\ \ g_{\rm {\varphi \varphi }}=g_{\rm {\phi \phi }}\ ,\ \ g_{\rm {u\varphi }}=g_{\rm {t\phi }}}$

and all the other ${\displaystyle g_{\mu \nu }=0}$, with the electromagnetic vector potential

${\displaystyle {\rm {A_{\mu }=\left\{{\frac {3\ r\ \mho }{\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda +3\right)\left(a^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}\right)}},{\frac {3\ r\ \mho }{a^{2}\left(\Lambda \ r^{2}-3\right)+6\ r+\Lambda \ r^{4}-3\left(r^{2}+\mho ^{2}\right)}},\ 0,\ -{\frac {3\ a\ r\ \mho \sin ^{2}\theta }{\left(a^{2}\ \Lambda +3\right)\left(a^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}\right)}}\right\}}}}$

Defining ${\displaystyle {\rm {{\bar {t}}=u-r}}}$ ingoing lightlike worldlines give a ${\displaystyle 45^{\circ }}$ light cone on a ${\displaystyle \{{\rm {{\bar {t}},\ r\}}}}$ spacetime diagram.

Horizons and ergospheres

Horizons and ergosheres in the KNdS metric for different M:Λ ratios. The black hole related surfaces are color coded as in here.

Left: horizons, right: ergosheres for M=1, a=9/10, ℧=2/5, Λ=1/9. At this point the black hole's outer ergosphere has joined the cosmic one to form two domes around the black hole.

Unstable orbit at r=2 with the black hole and cosmic parameters as in the image above.

The horizons are at ${\displaystyle g^{\rm {rr}}=0}$ and the ergospheres at ${\displaystyle g_{\rm {tt}}||g_{\rm {uu}}=0}$. This can be solved numerically or analytically. Like in the Kerr and Kerr–Newman metrics, the horizons have constant Boyer–Lindquist ${\displaystyle {\rm {r}}}$, while the ergospheres' radii also depend on the polar angle ${\displaystyle \theta }$.

This gives 3 positive solutions each (including the black hole's inner and outer horizons and ergospheres as well as the cosmic ones) and a negative solution for the space at ${\displaystyle {\rm {r<0}}}$ in the antiverse^[8][9] behind the ring singularity, which is part of the probably unphysical extended solution of the metric.

With a negative ${\displaystyle \Lambda }$ (the anti–de–Sitter variant with an attractive cosmological constant), there are no cosmic horizon and ergosphere, only the black hole-related ones.

In the Nariai limit^[10] the black hole's outer horizon and ergosphere coincide with the cosmic ones (in the Schwarzschild–de–Sitter metric to which the KNdS reduces with ${\displaystyle {\rm {a=\mho =0}}}$ that would be the case when ${\displaystyle \Lambda =1/9}$).

Invariants

The Ricci scalar for the KNdS metric is ${\displaystyle {\rm {R=-4\Lambda }}}$, and the Kretschmann scalar is

${\displaystyle {\rm {K=\{220a^{12}\Lambda ^{2}\cos(6\theta )+66a^{12}\Lambda ^{2}\cos(8\theta )+12a^{12}\Lambda ^{2}\cos(10\theta )+a^{12}\Lambda ^{2}\cos(12\theta )+}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {462a^{12}\Lambda ^{2}+1080a^{10}\Lambda ^{2}r^{2}\cos(6\theta )+240a^{10}\Lambda ^{2}r^{2}\cos(8\theta )+24a^{10}\Lambda ^{2}r^{2}\cos(10\theta )+}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {3024a^{10}\Lambda ^{2}r^{2}+1920a^{8}\Lambda ^{2}r^{4}\cos(6\theta )+240a^{8}\Lambda ^{2}r^{4}\cos(8\theta )+8400a^{8}\Lambda ^{2}r^{4}-}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {1152a^{6}\cos(6\theta )-11520a^{6}+1280a^{6}\Lambda ^{2}r^{6}\cos(6\theta )+12800a^{6}\Lambda ^{2}r^{6}+207360a^{4}r^{2}-}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {138240a^{4}r\mho ^{2}+11520a^{4}\Lambda ^{2}r^{8}+16128a^{4}\mho ^{4}-276480a^{2}r^{4}+368640a^{2}r^{3}\mho ^{2}+}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {6144a^{2}\Lambda ^{2}r^{10}-104448a^{2}r^{2}\mho ^{4}+3a^{4}\cos(4\theta )[165a^{8}\Lambda ^{2}+960a^{6}\Lambda ^{2}r^{2}+2240a^{4}\Lambda ^{2}r^{4}-}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {256a^{2}(9-10\Lambda ^{2}r^{6})+256(90r^{2}-60r\mho ^{2}+5\Lambda ^{2}r^{8}+7\mho ^{4})]+24a^{2}\cos(2\theta )[33a^{10}\Lambda ^{2}+}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {210a^{8}\Lambda ^{2}r^{2}+560a^{6}\Lambda ^{2}r^{4}-80a^{4}(9-10\Lambda ^{2}r^{6})+128a^{2}(90r^{2}-60r\mho ^{2}+5\Lambda ^{2}r^{8}+}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {7\mho ^{4})+256r^{2}(-45r^{2}+60r\mho ^{2}+\Lambda ^{2}r^{8}-17\mho ^{4})]+36864r^{6}-73728r^{5}\mho ^{2}+}}}$

${\displaystyle {\rm {2048\Lambda ^{2}r^{12}+43008r^{4}\mho ^{4}\}\div \{12[a^{2}\cos(2\theta )+a^{2}+2r^{2}]^{6}\}{\text{.}}}}}$

See also

• Kerr–Newman metric
• De Sitter–Schwarzschild metric
• de Sitter space
• de Sitter universe
• Anti-de Sitter space
• AdS/CFT correspondence