Labour Front

The Labour Front (abbreviation: LF), was a political party in Singapore that operated from 1955 to 1960. It won the 1955 legislative assembly election, and lasted for one term as the ruling coalition.^[1]

Labour Front
Malay name	Barisan Buroh
Chinese name	勞工陣綫 Láogōng Zhènxiàn
Tamil name	தொழும் முன்னணி Toḻum muṉṉaṇi
English name	Labour Front
Founder	David Saul Marshall Lim Yew Hock Francis Thomas
Founded	21 August 1954; 70 years ago (1954-08-21)
Dissolved	28 February 1960; 65 years ago (1960-02-28)
Split from	Labour Party
Ideology	Social democracy Democratic socialism Progressivism Left-wing nationalism Anti-imperialism
Political position	Centre-left to left-wing
Politics of Singapore Political parties Elections

History

LF was founded in 25 August 1954, as an alliance between the Singapore Labour Party (SLP) and the Singapore Socialist Party (SSP), the latter was itself an offshoot from SLP. LF was created to contest the 1955 legislative election by David Marshall, Singapore's first chief minister and Lim Yew Hock, Singapore's second chief minister.^[2][3] LF had called for self-government through unity with the Federation of Malaya, creation of citizenship and setting up a welfare state with housing loans, medical services, unemployment insurance and minimum wage. It also wanted to repeal the emergency regulations and amend the trade union ordinance for greater autonomy.^[4] A centre-left grouping, LF won 10 out of 25 elected seats in the legislative assembly and formed the first elected government of Singapore, which at that time was a British crown colony.^[1]

In April 1956, Marshall led an all-party delegation to London for talks with the British, in the first of what would later be known as the Merdeka talks.^[5][6] The talks resulted in a deadlock as both sides refused to compromise on the security arrangements.^[7] Marshall's administration failed to gain approval from Britain for Singapore's independence; in taking responsibility for the failure, Marshall resigned in April 1956;^[8][9][10] and soon went on to form the Workers' Party. Critics believed that the British were not convinced of Marshall's ability to govern Singapore well and deal with the rising threat of insurgency carried out in the name of communism.^{[citation needed]} Marshall was succeeded by his deputy, Lim.^[1]

The LF-alliance government had faced various challenges in the nascent years of local governance.^[11][12] Apart from the threat of the underground communist movement, Singapore faced problems in public order, poor economy, poor housing and sanitation, low living standards and government corruption. The then-opposition People's Action Party (PAP), led by Lee Kuan Yew, grilled the LF-alliance government several times on these issues in the legislative assembly sessions.^{[citation needed]} Nevertheless, the LF-alliance government were able to implement a slew of measures that improved workers' welfare, such as ratifying the labour code, and establishing the Central Provident Fund, Meet-the-People Sessions and Legal Aid Bureau. It was also credited with inculcating nationalistic sentiments into the populace, in lieu of colonial subservience, and resolving various constitutional challenges such as citizenship, Chinese education, and language. Through the Merdeka talks, Marshall had also set the framework to direct future negotiations towards realizing full independence.^[13]

Under Lim's leadership, the LF-alliance government had ruthlessly suppressed the Chinese school rioters in October 1956, and many pro-communist union leaders in the PAP were detained under the Internal Security Act. The tough measures may have alienated a large portion of the Chinese speaking electorate.^[14] In 1957 and 1958, two all-party delegations led by Lim eventually negotiated Singapore's status to be a self-governing state with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara, to represent the titular head of state.^[15][16] In 1959, the majority of LF led by Lim, left the core party to merge with the Liberal Socialists to form the Singapore People's Alliance (SPA).^[17] In the 1959 elections, the PAP won 43 of 51 seats in the legislative assembly, with a popular vote of 53%, having campaigned on an anti-colonial platform with an ambition to initiate reforms to improve the economy and living standards of the people, as well as eradicate corruption in the government. The SPA lost power and was reduced to only a handful of seats in opposition, while the residual LF was reduced to a very small fraction of the original party and was eventually dissolved in 1960.^[18]

Election results

Legislative Assembly

Election	Leader	Votes	%	Seats1						Nominated	Position	Result
				Up for Contest	Contested			Total	+/–
					Seats	Won	Lost
1955	David Marshall	42,300	27.06%	25	17	10	7	10 / 25	10	2 / 4	1st	Coalition Gov't2
1959	Francis Thomas	3,414	0.65%	51	3	0	3	0 / 51	10	—	7th	No seats

1. ^ 1955 election: 25 of the 32 seats are directly-elected, 4 are nominated and 3 are ex-officio. 1959 election: All 51 seats are directly-elected.
2. ^ Coalition government was formed with LF's 10 elected and 2 nominated members (12 seats), UMNO (1 seat), MCA (1 seat), and ex-officio (3 seats).

Seats Contested

Election	Constituencies contested	Contested Vote %[19]	Swing
1955	Bukit Panjang, Bukit Timah, Cairnhill, Changi, Farrer Park, Geylang, Havelock, Kampong Kapor, Katong, Pasir Panjang, Queenstown, Rochore, Seletar, Stamford, Tanglin, Telok Ayer, Whampoa	38.7%	-
1959	Jalan Besar, Serangoon Gardens, Thomson	11.7%	27.0%

Legislative Assembly By-election

Election	Leader	Constituency contested	Votes	%	Seats				Result
					Contested		Total	+/–
					Won	Lost
1957	Lim Yew Hock	Cairnhill	1,118	19.2%	0	1	0 / 1		Lost

City Council

Election	Votes	%	Seats
			Up for Contest	Contested			Total	+/–
				Seats	Won	Lost
1957	25,711	15.90%	32	16	4	12	4 / 32	4
1958	3,566	43.47%	1	1	0	1	4 / 32

Prominent Members

(L–R) David Marshall, Lim Yew Hock, and Francis Thomas, the three founders of Labour Front.

• David Marshall, first Chief Minister, member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Cairnhill^[20][21][22]
• Lim Yew Hock, second Chief Minister, Minister for Labour and Welfare (1955–1959),^[21] member of the second Legislative Council of Singapore representing Keppel,^[23] member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Havelock,^[24][25] member of the second Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Cairnhill^[26][22]
• Francis Thomas, Minister for Communications and Works (1955–1959), Principal of St. Andrew's Secondary School (1963–1974)^{[21][27][28][29][30][31][32]}
• A. J. Braga, Minister of Health (1955–1959), member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Katong^{[33][34][21][22]}
• Chew Swee Kee, Minister of Education (1955–1959), member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Whampoa^[35][36]
• Jumabhoy Mohamed Jumabhoy, Minister for Commerce and Industry (1955–1959), member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Stamford,^[37][21][22] President of the Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce (1978 - 1992)^[38][39]
• A. R. Lazarous, member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Farrer Park^[40]
• Mak Pak Shee, member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Geylang^[41][42]
• Seah Peng Chuan, member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Kampong Kapor^{[43][22][44][45]}
• Tan Theng Chiang, member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Rochore^[46][44][45]
• Lee Choon Eng, member of the first Legislative Assembly of Singapore representing Queenstown^{[47][44][45][48]}