Latvians

This article is about the ethnic group called Latvians or Letts. For the inhabitants of Latvia, see Demographics of Latvia.

Latvians (Latvian: latvieši) are a Baltic ethnic group and nation native to Latvia and the immediate geographical region, the Baltics. They are occasionally also referred to as Letts,^[42][43] especially in older bibliography. Latvians share a common Latvian language, culture, history and ancestry.

Latvians

latvieši
Total population
c. 1.7 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
Latvia 1,187,891 (2021)[2][3] Other significant population centers:
United Kingdom	124,000 (2020)[4][5][6]
United States	85,723 (2019)[7]
Germany	53,000 (2021)[8]
Canada	30,725 (2016)[9]
Brazil	25,000 (2002)[10][11][12]
Australia	23,233 (2021)[13]
Ireland	19,933 (2016)[14]
Russia	18,979 (2010)
Norway	11,723 (2019)[15]
Sweden	10,323 (2022)[16]
Other countries (fewer than 10,000)  Ukraine 5,079 (2001)[17]  Luxembourg 4,000  Denmark 3,799 (2012)[18]  Spain 3,711 (2011)[19]  Estonia 3,329 (2020)[20]  Finland 3,232 (2020)[21]  Italy 2,689 (2014)[22]  France 2,602 (2016)[23][24]  Lithuania 2,300 (2012)[25]  Belarus 1,549 (2009)  Portugal 1,502 [26]  Netherlands 1,400 (2002)[27]  Kazakhstan 1,123 (2009)[28]   Switzerland 736 (2006)[29]  Belgium 679 (2008)[30]  Iceland 654 (2013)[31]  Venezuela 300[32]  Poland 293 (2011)[33]  Czech Republic 193 (2011)[34]  Austria 152 (2002)[35]  Uzbekistan 1,800[36]  Greece 69 (2006)[37]  Kyrgyzstan 82 (2009)[38]  Croatia 14 (2011)[39]  Israel 4,000[40]  Chile 3,000
Languages
Latvian and its dialects
Religion
Predominantly Lutheran,[41] Roman Catholic and Latvian Orthodox minorities
Related ethnic groups
Other Balts

History

A Balto-Finnic-speaking tribe known as the Livs settled among the northern coast of modern day Latvia. The Germanic settlers derived their name for the natives from the term Liv. They referred to all the natives as "Letts" and the nation as "Lettland", naming their colony Livonia or Livland.^{[citation needed]}

The Latin form, Livonia, gradually referred to the whole territory of modern-day Latvia as well as southern Estonia, which had fallen under Germanic influence. Latvians and Lithuanians are the only surviving members of the Baltic branch of the Indo-European family.^{[citation needed]}

Culture

Influences

In 1649, sparse settlement of the Latvian speaking Kursenieki spanned from Memel to Danzig.

Latvians share a common language and have a unique culture with traditions, holidays, customs and arts. The culture and religious traditions have been somewhat influenced by Germanic, Scandinavian, and Russian traditions. Latvians have an ancient culture that has been archaeologically dated back to 3000 BC. Latvians maintained a considerable connection and trade with their neighbors. The first indications of human inhabitants on the lands of modern Latvia date archaeologically to c. 9000 BC, suggesting that the first settlers were hunters that stayed almost immediately following the end of the last ice age. Colonizers from the south arrived quickly, driving many of the hunters northward as polar ice caps melted further, or east, into modern-day Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. The Roman author Tacitus remarked upon the "Aestii" peoples, thought to be inhabitants of the modern Baltic lands, suggesting that they were abound with formidable, yet peaceful and hospitable people. The Latvian peoples remained relatively undisturbed until Papal intervention via the Germanic, Teutonic Order colonized Kurzeme (Courland in English, Kurland in German), beginning in the first half of the 13th century. Papal decrees ordered the Teutonic Order to spread the "Word of the Lord" and the Gospel of Christianity throughout "uncivilized", "Pagan lands". Though these attempts to Christianize the population failed, and the Teutonic Order eventually redeployed southward, to the region of what was once known as East Prussia.^{[citation needed]}

Religion

The Basilica of the Assumption in Aglona, the most important Roman Catholic church in Latvia.

Baltic ethnic religion was followed in Latvia before it was invaded by the Christian Teutonic Order (see: Latvian mythology).^[44][45][46] Latvians still celebrate traditional feasts (Jāņi).^[47] Dievturība is a modern revival of the ethnic religion of the Latvians before Christianization in the 13th century CE.^[44][48]

Most of the Christian Latvians claim to belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church, but in Latgale and Alsunga Municipality the Roman Catholic Church is predominant, a small minority of Latvians belong to the Latvian Orthodox Church and other religious congregations.^[41] In the late 18th century, a small but vibrant Herrnhutist movement played a significant part in the development of Latvian literary culture before it was absorbed into the mainstream Lutheran denomination.

Language

Latvians' ancestral language, Latvian, has been recorded since at least the 16th century.^[49] It developed into a distinct language by the 9th century. It is part of a distinct linguistic branch of Indo-European languages: the Baltic languages.

Another notable language of Latvia is the nearly extinct Livonian language, a member of the Baltic-Finnic sub-branch of the Uralic language family, which enjoys protection by law. The Latgalian language (a dialect of Latvian) is also protected by Latvian law as a historical variation of the Latvian language.^{[citation needed]}

Genetics

Paternal haplogroups R1a and N1a1-Tat are the two most frequent, reaching 39.9% each among ethnic Latvians.^[50] R1a is associated with spread of Indo-European languages. R1a of Latvians is predominantly M558, and compared to other populations like South Slavs and West Slavs, Latvians also have the highest concentration of M558 among R1a. N1a1-Tat mutation originated in Northeast Asia and had spread throughout the Urals into Europe, where it is currently most common among Finno-Ugric, Baltic and East Slavic peoples. Latvians and Lithuanians have a predominance of the L550 branch of N1a1-Tat.

N1c1a was present in 41.5%, R1a1a-M558 in 35.2% and I1 (M253) in 6.3% of the samples analyzed.^[51] In lower levels, 2.5% of I2b (M223) and 0.6% I2a (P37.2) – haplogroups historically associated with western hunter-gatherers – were found as well.

Genetically, Latvians cluster closest with neighboring Lithuanians and Estonians; to a lesser extent with Poles, Czechs, Scandinavians, Germans, and Belarusians.

See also

• Latvia portal

• List of Latvians
• Demographics of Latvia
• Latvian Swedes
• Latvian mythology

References

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External links

• Latvia. Lettish Life in Legendary & Modern Times by Florence Farmborough. In: Peoples of All Nations: Their Life Today and Story of Their Past. Vol 5 – pp. 3267-3296 (first published in 1920)
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1911). "Lithuanians and Letts" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 789–791.