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List of F4, EF4, and IF4 tornadoes

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List of F4, EF4, and IF4 tornadoes
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This is a list of tornadoes which have been officially or unofficially labeled as F4, EF4, IF4, or an equivalent rating. These scales – the Fujita scale, the Enhanced Fujita scale, the International Fujita scale, and the TORRO tornado intensity scale – attempt to estimate the intensity of a tornado by classifying the damage caused to natural features and man-made structures in the tornado's path.

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A wedge EF4 tornado impacting the town of Elkhorn, Nebraska.
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EF4 damage to a residence from the 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado
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The Windsor–Tecumseh Tornado of 1946
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F4/EF4 Tornadoes in the United States 1950–2019

Tornadoes are among the most violent known meteorological phenomena. Each year, more than 2,000 tornadoes are recorded worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in North America and Europe.[1][2] In order to assess the intensity of these events, meteorologist Ted Fujita devised a method to estimate maximum wind speeds within tornadic storms based on the damage caused; this became known as the Fujita scale. The scale ranks tornadoes from F0 to F5, with F0 being the least intense and F5 being the most intense. F4 tornadoes were estimated to have had maximum winds between 207 mph (333 km/h) and 260 mph (420 km/h).[3][a]

Following two particularly devastating tornadoes in 1997 and 1999, engineers questioned the reliability of the Fujita scale. Ultimately, a new scale was devised that took into account 28 different damage indicators; this became known as the Enhanced Fujita scale.[4] With building design and structural integrity taken more into account, winds in an EF4 tornado were estimated to between 166 mph (267 km/h) and 200 mph (320 km/h).[5] The Enhanced Fujita scale is used predominantly in North America. Most of Europe, on the other hand, uses the TORRO tornado intensity scale (or T-Scale), which ranks tornado intensity between T0 and T11; F4/EF4 tornadoes are approximately equivalent to T8 to T9 on the T-Scale. Tornadoes rated IF4 on the International Fujita scale are also included on this list.

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List of F4/EF4 tornadoes

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The most recent EF4 tornado occurred on May 16, 2025, which impacted Somerset and London, Kentucky.

Pre-1950

The National Weather Service in the United States did not rate any tornadoes prior to 1950. Other organizations like the European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) and Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) on the other hand, did rate tornadoes prior to 1950. The only violent tornado that impacted the United States prior to 1950 and has an official rating is the 1946 Windsor–Tecumseh tornado, which received a rating from ECCC. However, the impact to the United States remains officially unrated.

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title=Cape Girardeau Tornado - 1949

1950s

See List of F4 tornadoes (1950–1959)

1960s

See List of F4 tornadoes (1960–1969)

1970s

1980s

July 31, 1987 - Edmonton, Alberta, Canada - also known as Black Friday

May 31,1985 - Albion, Pennsylvania, United States

1990s

  • May 31, 1985, Moshannon State Forest, Pennsylvania; It could have been a possible F5 tornado. It reportedly caused tremors that were measured as well, and the tornado was up to and just over 2 miles in width.
  • June 1, 1990, Bakersfield Valley, Texas; It could’ve been a possible F5 based on the damage[22] Ground scouring was seen, and oil tanks were ripped from their moorings, and rolled up a steep hill in an upwards direction. Homes were destroyed at peak intensity. The deaths from this tornado, a total of two, were in vehicles that failed to survive the winds.
  • June 15, 1990, Stratton, Nebraska: A violent, wedge tornado, which at times was up to 1.5 miles in width, moved across rural areas, passing near Stratton and McCook. Extreme vehicle damage of a magnitude that beats the Loyal Valley event (listed underneath), was seen as the tornado ripped entire vehicles to small, unrecognizable pieces. Homes didn't live to tell the tale either, as they were destroyed. One farmhouse was left with nothing but a clean foundation and basement behind.
  • November 29, 1991, Springfield, Missouri; 2 fatalities
  • November 23, 1992, Channelview, Texas; one of only two recorded F4 tornadoes to hit Greater Houston
  • June 11, 1998, Cumberland/Greenfield, Indiana F4.
  • November 9, 1998, "Southridge," Missouri F4.
  • May 11, 1999, Loyal Valley, Texas; It was evident based on the damage it caused to a vehicle, that the tornado could have had been an F5.

2000s

See List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes (2000–2009)

2010s

See List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes (2010–2019)

2020s

See List of F4, EF4, and IF4 tornadoes (2020–present)
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Possible F4/EF4 tornadoes with no official rating or lower rating

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Because the distinctions between tornadoes ratings are often ambiguous, the official ratings of numerous other tornadoes formally rated below F4/EF4/IF4 or equivalent have been disputed, with certain government sources or independent studies contradicting the official record. This list includes tornadoes rated F4/EF4/IF4 or equivalent by government meteorologists, non-government tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis or Ted Fujita) or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory) that rated a tornado differently than the official government organization in charge of the rating. Published academic papers or presentations at academically held meteorological conferences that rate tornadoes as F4/EF4/IF4 or present some evidence to support damage or winds in that category are also ways a tornado can be added to this list.

1870s

Tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis gave F4 ratings to 48 tornadoes that occurred in the United States in the 1870s.

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1880s

Grazulis gave F4 ratings to 70 tornadoes that occurred in the United States in the 1880s, and noted one other tornado that might have caused F4 damage.

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1890s

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1910s

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1920s

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1930s

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1940s

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1950–present

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See also

Notes

  1. The winds estimated by the Fujita Scale are estimated values and have not been verified scientifically.[3]
  2. Was not responsible for the rating, but is the only source for Heino Tooming's rating.
  3. Was not directly responsible for the rating, but had a participate involved in an academically published paper that included the rating.
  4. Estimates for fatalities range from 100 to 153.

References

Sources

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