List of Jewish Nobel laureates

Of the 965 individual recipients of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences between 1901 and 2023,^[1] at least 216 have been Jews or people with at least one Jewish parent, representing 22% of all recipients. Jews constitute only 0.2% of the world's population, meaning their share of winners is 110 times their proportion of the world's population.^[2][3][4][5]

Sign on Nobel Laureates Boulevard in Rishon LeZion saluting Jewish Nobel laureates

Jews have been awarded all six of the Nobel Foundation's awards:^[3]

• Chemistry: 37 (19% of total)
• Economics: 38 (41% of total)
• Literature: 16 (13% of total)
• Peace: 9 (8% of total)
• Physics: 56 (25% of total)
• Physiology or Medicine: 60 (26% of total)

Adolf von Baeyer, recipient of the 1905 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, was Jewish on his mother's side and is considered the first Jewish awardee.^[6]

Jewish laureates Elie Wiesel and Imre Kertész survived the extermination camps during the Holocaust.^[7] François Englert survived by being hidden in orphanages and children's homes.^[8] Others, such as Hans Bethe, Walter Kohn, Otto Stern, Albert Einstein, Hans Krebs and Martin Karplus fled Nazi Germany to avoid persecution.^[9][10][11] Still others, including Rita Levi-Montalcini, Herbert Hauptman, Robert Furchgott, Arthur Kornberg, and Jerome Karle, experienced significant antisemitism in their careers.^[10][12]

Arthur Ashkin, a 96-year-old American Jew, was, at the time of his award, the oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize.^[13][14]

Chemistry

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1905		Adolf von Baeyer	Germany	"“in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds”"[15]
1906		Henri Moissan[16][17][18][19][20]	France	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[21]
1910		Otto Wallach[16][17][18][19]	Germany	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[22]
1915		Richard Willstätter[16][17][18][19]	Germany	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[23]
1918		Fritz Haber[16][17][18][19][24]	Germany	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[25]
1943		George de Hevesy[16][17][18][19]	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[26]
1961		Melvin Calvin[16][17][18][19]	United States	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[27]
1962		Max Perutz[16][17][18][19][28]	United Kingdom / Austria	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[29]
1972		Christian B. Anfinsen[16][19][30]	United States	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[31]
		William Howard Stein[16][17][19]		"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[31]
1977		Ilya Prigogine[16][17][19][32]	Russia / Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[33]
1979		Herbert C. Brown[16][17][19][34]	United States / United Kingdom	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[35]
1980		Paul Berg[16][17][19][36]	United States	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[37]
		Walter Gilbert[16][17][19]		"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[37]
1981		Roald Hoffmann[16][17][19]	United States / Poland / Ukraine	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[38]
1982		Aaron Klug[16][17][19]	United Kingdom / South Africa / Lithuania	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[39]
1985		Jerome Karle[12][16][17][19][40][41]	United States	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[42]
		Herbert A. Hauptman[10][16][17][19][43][44]
1986		John Polanyi[45]	Hungary / Canada / Germany	"for his work in chemical kinetics.[45]
1989		Sidney Altman[16][17][19]	Canada / United States	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[46]
1992		Rudolph A. Marcus[16][17][19]	United States / Canada	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[47]
1994		George Andrew Olah[48][16][19]	United States / Hungary	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[49]
1996		Harry Kroto[19][50]	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of fullerenes"[51]
1998		Walter Kohn[9][10][16][19][52]	United States / Austria	"for his development of the density-functional theory"[53]
2000		Alan J. Heeger[16][17][19][54]	United States	"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"[55]
2004		Aaron Ciechanover[19][56][57]	Israel	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[58]
		Avram Hershko[19][56]	Hungary / Israel
		Irwin Rose[19][59][60]	United States
2006		Roger D. Kornberg[56][61][62]	United States	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[63][64]
2008		Martin Chalfie[65]	United States	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[66]
2009		Ada Yonath[56]	Israel	"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[67]
2011		Dan Shechtman[68]	Israel	"for the discovery of quasicrystals"[69]
2012		Robert Lefkowitz[70]	United States	"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[71]
2013		Arieh Warshel[11][72]	Israel	"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"[73]
		Michael Levitt[11][72]	United States / United Kingdom / Israel / South Africa [74][75]
		Martin Karplus[11][72]	United States / Austria [76]
2024		David Baker[77]	United States	"for computational protein design"[78]

Physiology or Medicine

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1908		Élie Metchnikoff[18][19][79]	Russia / Ukraine	"in recognition of their work on immunity"[80]
		Paul Ehrlich[18][19][79]	Germany
1914		Robert Bárány[18][19][79]	Austria-Hungary	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[81]
1922		Otto Fritz Meyerhof[18][19][79]	Germany	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[82]
1930		Karl Landsteiner[18][19][79]	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"[83]
1931		Otto Heinrich Warburg[18][19]	Germany	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[84]
1936		Otto Loewi[18][19][79]	Austria / Germany	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[85]
1944		Joseph Erlanger[18][19][79][86]	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[87]
1945		Ernst Boris Chain[18][19][79]	United Kingdom / Germany	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[88]
1946		Hermann Joseph Muller[18][19][79]	United States	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[89]
1947		Gerty Cori[19][79]	United States / Austria-Hungary / Czechia	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[90]
1950		Tadeusz Reichstein[18][19][79]	Switzerland / Poland	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[91]
1952		Selman Waksman[18][19][79]	United States / Russia / Ukraine	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[92]
1953		Hans Adolf Krebs[10][18][19][79]	United Kingdom / Germany	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[93]
		Fritz Albert Lipmann[79]	United States / Germany	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[93]
1958		Joshua Lederberg[18][19][79]	United States	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[94]
1959		Arthur Kornberg[12][18][19][79]	United States	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[95]
1964		Konrad Emil Bloch[18][19][79][96]	United States / Germany	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[97]
1965		François Jacob[18][19][79]	France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[98]
		André Michel Lwoff[18][19][79]
1967		George Wald[18][19][79]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[99]
1968		Marshall Warren Nirenberg[18][19][79]	United States	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[100]
1969		Salvador Luria[18][19][79]	United States / Italy	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[101]
1970		Julius Axelrod[19][79]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[102]
		Bernard Katz[18][19][79]	United Kingdom / Germany
1972		Gerald Edelman[19][79]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[103]
1975		David Baltimore[19][79]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[104]
		Howard Martin Temin[19][79]
1976		Baruch Samuel Blumberg[19][79]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[105]
1977		Rosalyn Sussman Yalow[19][36][79]	United States	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[106]
1978		Daniel Nathans[19][79]	United States	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[107]
1980		Baruj Benacerraf[19][79]	United States / Venezuela	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[108]
1982		John Vane[109]	United Kingdom	along with Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson for "their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances".[110]
1984		César Milstein[19][36][79]	Argentina / United Kingdom	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[111]
1985		Michael Stuart Brown[19][79]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[112]
		Joseph L. Goldstein[19][79]
1986		Stanley Cohen[19][36][79]	United States	"for their discoveries of growth factors"[113]
		Rita Levi-Montalcini[19][79][114]	Italy / United States
1988		Gertrude B. Elion[19][79]	United States	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[115]
1989		Harold E. Varmus[19][36][79]	United States	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[116]
1992		Edmond H. Fischer[117]	United States / Switzerland	"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[118]
1994		Alfred G. Gilman[19][79]	United States	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[119]
		Martin Rodbell[19][79]
1997		Stanley B. Prusiner[19][79]	United States	"for his discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection"[120]
1998		Robert F. Furchgott[10][19][79]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[121]
2000		Paul Greengard[19][79]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[122]
		Eric Kandel[19][79]	United States / Austria
2002		Sydney Brenner[19][79]	United Kingdom / South Africa	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[123]
		H. Robert Horvitz[19][79]	United States
2004		Richard Axel[19][79][86][124]	United States	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[125]
2006		Andrew Fire[79]	United States	"for his discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[126]
2011		Ralph M. Steinman[68][79][127][128]	Canada / United States	for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"[129]
		Bruce Beutler[68][79][130]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
2013		James E. Rothman[11][131][132]	United States	"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"[133]
		Randy Schekman[11][131][132]
2017		Michael Rosbash[134][135][136]	United States	"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".[137]
2020		Harvey J. Alter[138][139][140]	United States	"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus".[141]
2021		David Julius[142][143]	United States	"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch".[144]
2023		Drew Weissman[145][146][147]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19".[148]
2024		Gary Ruvkun[149][150]	United States	“for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation”.[151]

Physics

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1907		Albert A. Michelson[17][18][152]	United States / Germany / Poland	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[153]
1908		Gabriel Lippmann[17][18][152]	France / Luxemburg	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[154]
1921		Albert Einstein[17][18][152][155]	Germany / Switzerland	"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[156]
1922		Niels Bohr[17][18][152][155]	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[157]
1925		James Franck[17][152]	Germany	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[158]
		Gustav Hertz[17][18]
1943		Otto Stern[17][152]	United States / Germany	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[159]
1944		Isidor Isaac Rabi[17][18][152]	United States / Austria-Hungary / Poland	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[160]
1945		Wolfgang Pauli[152][161]	Austria / United States	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[162]
1952		Felix Bloch[17][18][152]	United States / Switzerland	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[163]
1954		Max Born[17][18][152]	United Kingdom / Germany	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[164]
1958		Ilya Frank[152][165]	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[166]
		Igor Tamm[17][18][152][165][167]
1959		Emilio Gino Segrè[17][18][152]	Italy / United States	"for their discovery of the antiproton"[168]
1960		Donald A. Glaser[17][18][152]	United States	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"[169]
1961		Robert Hofstadter[17][18][152]	United States	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[170]
1962		Lev Landau[17][18][152][165][171]	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[172][173]
1963		Eugene Wigner[152][174]	United States / Hungary	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[175]
1965		Richard Feynman[17][18][152][176]	United States	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[177]
		Julian Schwinger[17][18][152]
1967		Hans Bethe[152]	United States / Germany	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[178]
1969		Murray Gell-Mann[17][18][152][179]	United States	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[180]
1971		Dennis Gabor[17][152]	United Kingdom / Hungary	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"[181]
1972		Leon Cooper[152][182][183]	United States	"for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[184]
1973		Brian David Josephson[17]	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[185]
1975		Aage Niels Bohr[186]	Denmark	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[187]
		Ben Roy Mottelson[17][152]	Denmark / United States
1976		Burton Richter[17][152]	United States	"for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[188]
1978		Arno Allan Penzias[17][152]	United States	"for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[189]
1979		Sheldon Glashow[17][152]	United States	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[190]
		Steven Weinberg[17][152]
1981		Arthur Leonard Schawlow[191]	United States	"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[192]
1987		Karl Alexander Müller[152]	Switzerland	"for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[193]
1988		Leon M. Lederman[17][36][152]	United States	"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[194]
		Melvin Schwartz[17][152]
		Jack Steinberger[17][152]	United States / Germany
1990		Jerome Isaac Friedman[152]	United States	"for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[195]
1992		Georges Charpak[152]	France / Poland / Ukraine	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[196]
1995		Martin Lewis Perl[152]	United States	"'for the discovery of the tau lepton' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"[197]
		Frederick Reines[152]		"'for the detection of the neutrino' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"[197]
1996		David Morris Lee[48][152]	United States	"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[198]
		Douglas D. Osheroff[48]
1997		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji[152]	France / Algeria	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"[199]
2000		Zhores Alferov[48][152]	Russia / Belarus	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[200]
2003		Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov[152]	Russia / United States	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[201]
		Vitaly Ginzburg[152]	Russia
2004		David Gross[56][152][202]	United States	"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[203]
		H. David Politzer[152]
2005		Roy J. Glauber[152]	United States	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[204]
2011		Adam Riess[68][152][205][206][207]	United States	"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[208]
		Saul Perlmutter[68][152][209][210]
2012		Serge Haroche[211]	France / Morocco	"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"[212]
2013		François Englert[8][11][213][214]	Belgium	"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[215]
2016		J. Michael Kosterlitz[216]	United Kingdom	"for discoveries in condensed-matter physics that have transformed the understanding of matter that assumes strange shapes"
2017		Rainer Weiss[217]	United States / Germany	"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
		Barry Barish[218][219]	United States
2018		Arthur Ashkin[220][221][222]	United States	"'for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics', in particular 'for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems'"
2020		Roger Penrose[223][224]	United Kingdom	"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity"
		Andrea Ghez[225][226][227]	United States	"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"

Literature

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1910		Paul Heyse[48][228]	Germany	"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[229]
1927		Henri Bergson[228]	France	"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[230]
1958		Boris Pasternak[228]	Soviet Union	"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[231]
1966		Shmuel Yosef Agnon[228]	Israel / Austria-Hungary / Ukraine	"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[232]
		Nelly Sachs[228]	Sweden / Germany	"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[232]
1976		Saul Bellow[228]	United States / Canada	"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[233]
1978		Isaac Bashevis Singer[228]	United States / Poland	"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[234]
1981		Elias Canetti[228]	United Kingdom / Bulgaria	"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[235]
1987		Joseph Brodsky[228]	United States / Soviet Union	"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[236]
1991		Nadine Gordimer[228]	South Africa	"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"[237]
2002		Imre Kertész[228][238][239]	Hungary	"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[240]
2004		Elfriede Jelinek[241]	Austria	"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[242]
2005		Harold Pinter[228][243]	United Kingdom	"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[244]
2014		Patrick Modiano[245] [246]	France	"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"[247]
2016		Bob Dylan[248][249]	United States	"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"
2020		Louise Glück[250][251][252]	United States	"for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal."[253]

Economics

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1970		Paul Samuelson[254][255]	United States	"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"[256]
1971		Simon Kuznets[254][257]	United States / Russia	"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"[258]
1972		Kenneth Arrow[254][259]	United States	"for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"[260]
1973		Wassily Leontief[254]	Russia / Germany / United States	"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"[261]
1975		Leonid Kantorovich[254]	Soviet Union	"for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[262]
1976		Milton Friedman[254][259][263]	United States	"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"[264]
1978		Herbert A. Simon[254][265]	United States	"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"[266]
1980		Lawrence Klein[254][265]	United States	"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"[267]
1985		Franco Modigliani[254][255]	Italy / United States	"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"[268]
1987		Robert Solow[254]	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""[269]
1990		Harry Markowitz[254][265]	United States	"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""[270]
		Merton Miller[254][265]
1992		Gary Becker[254][265]	United States	"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""[271]
1993		Robert Fogel[254][265]	United States	"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"[272]
1994		John Harsanyi[254][265][273]	Hungary / United States	"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"[274]
		Reinhard Selten[275]	Germany
1997		Myron Scholes[254][265][276]	Canada / United States	"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"[277][278]
		Robert C. Merton[279]	United States
2001		Joseph Stiglitz[254][265]	United States	"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"[280]
		George Akerlof[281]
2002		Daniel Kahneman[254][265]	Israel / United States	"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"[282]
2005		Robert Aumann[254][283]	Israel / United States / Germany	"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"[284]
2007		Leonid Hurwicz[254][285][286][287][288]	United States / Poland / Russia	"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"[289]
		Eric Maskin[254][288][290]	United States
		Roger Myerson[254][288]
2008		Paul Krugman[254][291]	United States	"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"[292]
2009		Elinor Ostrom[293][294]	United States	"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[295]
2010		Peter Diamond[296][297]	United States	"for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[298]
2012		Alvin E. Roth[299]	United States	"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"[300]
2016		Oliver Hart[301]	United States / United Kingdom	"contributions to contract theory"
2017		Richard Thaler[302]	United States	"contributions have built a bridge between the economic and psychological analyses of individual decision-making"
2018		William Nordhaus[303][304]	United States	"for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"[305]
2019		Michael Kremer[306]	United States	"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2020		Paul Milgrom[307][308][309]	United States	"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"[310]
2021		Joshua Angrist[311][312][313]	United States / Israel	"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"[314]
2022		Ben Bernanke[315][316][317]	United States	"for research on banks and financial crises"[318]
2022		Douglas Diamond[319]
2023		Claudia Goldin[320]	United States	"for having advanced our understanding of women's labour market outcomes".[321]

Peace

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1911		Tobias Michael Carel Asser[322]	Netherlands	"Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"[323]
		Alfred Hermann Fried[324]	Austria	"Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"[323]
1968		René Cassin[325][326][327]	France	"President of the European Court for Human Rights"[328]
1973		Henry A. Kissinger[329]	United States / Germany	"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"[330][331]
1978		Menachem Begin[332]	Israel / Russia / Poland	"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[333]
1986		Elie Wiesel[334]	United States / Romania	"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[335]
1994		Yitzhak Rabin[336]	Israel	"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[337]
		Shimon Peres[338]	Israel / Poland
1995		Joseph Rotblat[339][340][341]	Poland / United Kingdom	"for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[342]

Forced to decline prize

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1958		Boris Pasternak	USSR	Literature: "for his notable achievement in both contemporary poetry and the field of the great Russian narrative tradition".[343] Pasternak initially accepted the award, but—after intense pressure from Soviet authorities—subsequently declined it.[344][345][346][347]

Jewish laureates per country

Below is a chart of all Jewish Nobel laureates per country (updated to 2024 laureates). Some laureates are counted more than once if have multiple citizenship.

Country	Number of Jewish Nobel laureates	Percent of laureates
United States	136	32.4%
Germany	29	25.2%
United Kingdom	20	14.1%
Russia/ Soviet Union	14	46.7%
Israel	13	100%
Poland	11	57.9%
Austria	10	40.0%
France	10	13.3%
Hungary	14	60.0%
Canada	6	21.4%
Switzerland	5	20.0%
Ukraine	5	83.3%
South Africa	4	36.4%
Italy	4	19.0%
Denmark	3	21.4%
Belgium	2	18.2%
Lithuania	1	33.3%
Bulgaria	1	100%
Morocco	1	100%
Venezuela	1	100%
Luxemburg	1	50%
Algeria	1	50%
Belarus	1	16.7%
Romania	1	25.0%
Argentina	1	20.0%
Czechia	1	16.7%
Netherlands	1	4.5%
Sweden	1	2.9%

Nobel Laureates Boulevard

Monument and plaque honoring 2002 Economics Laureate Daniel Kahneman on Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade in Rishon LeZion, Israel

The Israeli city of Rishon LeZion has an avenue dedicated to honoring all Jewish Nobel laureates. The street, called Tayelet Hatanei Pras Nobel (Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade), has a monument with attached plaque for each Nobel laureate. The scientific adviser of the project was Prof. Israel Hanukoglu.^[348]

See also

• List of Nobel laureates
• List of Christian Nobel laureates
• List of black Nobel laureates
• List of Israeli Nobel laureates