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Tornadoes in Oklahoma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Several destructive tornadoes have hit the U.S. state of Oklahoma since 1882, the year with the first recorded tornado within state boundaries. Oklahoma, located in Tornado Alley, experiences around 68 tornadoes annually, with each EF3+ tornado killing an average of 2.9 people. 497 tornadoes have been classified as "intense" in Oklahoma, being rated F3+ on the Fujita Scale[note 1] or EF3+ on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. Oklahoma has seen thirteen F5 or EF5 tornadoes since 1905, the most recent hitting Moore in May 2013. The deadliest sliced through the Oklahoma panhandle in April 1947, hitting Woodward and killing at least 182 people.
Oklahoma was struck by several significant tornadoes prior to 1950, including an F5 tornado that hit Snyder and a large tornado that passed over Woodward and surrounding communities. The first tornado warning ever issued in the United States was sent out for the Tinker Air Force Base area on March 25, 1948, shortly before an F3 tornado hit the base. The 1950s were particularly devastating for Oklahoma, with 546 tornadoes killing a total of 154 people.[6] A large F5-rated tornado hit Blackwell in the early hours of May 26, 1955, and an F4 tornado killed seven people west of Stonewall in May 1959. Tornadoes in the 1960s were less damaging, with a total of 581 tornadoes touching down within state boundaries, killing 57 people. An F5 tornado moved through Prague and Sapulpa in May 1960, killing five people along a 71.8 mi (115.6 km) track. An F3 tornado hit downtown Oklahoma City five days earlier, inflicting $2.5 million (1960 USD)[7] in damages to the city and injuring 57 people.[6]
The 1970s, like the 1950s, was a particularly deadly decade for tornadoes in Oklahoma, with 433 tornadoes killing a combined total of 110 people.[6] The deadliest, rated F4, hit Wichita Falls, Texas before moving into Jefferson County on April 10, 1979. 42 people were killed by the tornado and a further 1,740 were injured. The majority of casualties took place along the tornado's track through Texas. Only 25 people were killed by tornadoes through the 1980s, eight of which were the result of an F3 tornado that moved through Morris on April 26, 1984. The strongest tornado was an F5 that moved through rural Choctaw and McCurtain counties, injuring 29.[6]
The 1990s were a significant decade for severe weather in Oklahoma, with over 55 people being killed by a total of 688 tornadoes.[6] The deadliest and most powerful devastated Bridge Creek, Moore and surrounding suburbs of Oklahoma City on May 3, 1999, where 41 people were killed. The tornado, which received an F5 rating, had the highest measured windspeeds ever recorded on Earth, at 321 miles per hour (517 km/h). The tornado inflicted a total of $1 billion (1999 USD)[8] in damage to the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, making it the second-costliest in Oklahoma history.[9] A large F4 tornado killed two people in Cimarron City and Mulhall on the same day; it was the largest tornado ever measured quantitatively.[10]
The 2000s were less significant, with 483 tornadoes killing a total of 32 people.[6] A large F4 tornado moved through southwestern Oklahoma City in May 2003, injuring 134 people. The first violent tornado to be rated on the Enhanced Fujita scale in Oklahoma hit the town of Picher on May 10, 2008, killing 21 people and inflicting an estimated $15,000,000 (2008 USD)[11] in damages to structures and farms along a 75.5 mi (121.5 km) spanning from Craig County in Oklahoma to Barry County in Missouri. The 2010s would mark a broad increase in the number of tornadoes that touched down annually, jumping from 103 in 2010 to 149 in 2019; the latter was the second-worst year for tornadoes in Oklahoma history, only behind 2024, which saw 152 tornadoes. The deadliest tornado of the decade would again hit Moore on May 20, 2013, killing 24 people and receiving a rating of EF5, making it the most recent tornado worldwide to top the Enhanced Fujita Scale as of July 2025. The tornado was the costliest in Oklahoma history and the third costliest in US history, leaving an estimated $2 billion (2013 USD) worth of damages in its wake.[12]
Tornadoes in Oklahoma have broken numerous national and worldwide records. Both the widest and most powerful tornadoes ever recorded occurred in Oklahoma. Two of the top ten costliest tornadoes in history have happened in Oklahoma and the state also has the most violent tornadoes out of any other state.[13] Tornadoes in Oklahoma have also been extensively featured in media; both 1996's Twister and 2024's Twisters take place primarily in Oklahoma.[14][15] Into the Storm and 13 Minutes, released in 2014 and 2021 respectively, are both set in fictional Oklahoman towns that were hit by tornadoes.[16]
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Climatology
Oklahoma is located in Tornado Alley, an expanse of land stretching from South Dakota to Texas. Tornadoes are more frequent in Tornado Alley than anywhere else in the world, and Oklahoma sees the second-highest number of tornadoes out of any state.[17] In the alley, warm and humid air from the Gulf of Mexico meets cold, dry air from Canada and produced by the Rocky Mountains. This creates an ideal environment for tornadoes to form within supercellular thunderstorms.[18]
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Deadliest tornadoes
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Costliest tornadoes
Intense tornadoes
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Pre–1925
107 intense tornadoes hit Oklahoma prior to the year 1925. The majority of these tornadoes were deadly, with each tornado killing an average of 3.6 people. Tornadoes in this time-frame hit several populated places including Moore,[27] Stillwater and Sulphur.[28][29] The strongest tornado touched down on May 10, 1905, striking the community of Snyder and killing 97 people.[30] The tornado was the first to receive a rating of F5 on the Fujita Scale in Oklahoma's history.[30]
† Deadliest in Oklahoma history at time of event
‡ Tornado crossed state lines in or out of Oklahoma
1925–1949
1925 through 1949 was a particularly devastating period in Oklahoma's tornado history, with 309 confirmed tornadoes killing over 600 people. The deadliest, a long-track F5 tornado, killed 181 people through Northwestern Oklahoma, where it directly impacted Woodward. 117 intense tornadoes hit Oklahoma in this time-frame, hitting several cities, including Moore, Norman, Leedey, Antlers and Pryor Creek. Caney would be hit by two F4 tornadoes in 1926 and 1948, respectively.[33] The first tornado warning in United States history was issued for Tinker Air Force Base on March 25, 1948, shortly before an F3 tornado hit the base.[34]
† Deadliest in Oklahoma history at time of event
‡ Tornado crossed state lines in or out of Oklahoma
1950–1974
1950 through 1974 saw 128 intense tornadoes in Oklahoma, resulting in the deaths of 240 people. The deadliest touched down in Kay County before crossing state lines into Kansas, striking the town of Udall, Kansas and killing eighty. The tornado was one of two to receive an F5 rating on May 25, 1955; the other killed twenty people in Blackwell. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area was hit particularly hard, with intense tornadoes moving through the area in 1951, 1960, 1973 and 1974. The largest tornado outbreak took place on June 8, 1974, with 22 tornadoes killing a combined total of 22 people. Two F3-rated tornadoes moved through metropolitan Tulsa on June 8, crossing paths over Jenks.
‡ Tornado crossed state lines in or out of Oklahoma
1975–1999
1975 through 1999 saw 293 tornadoes, which collectively resulted in the deaths of over 150 people. The deadliest in Oklahoma moved through Bridge Creek, Newcastle, Moore and Del City on May 3, 1999; the tornado, which received an F5 rating, had the highest measured windspeeds ever recorded on Earth, at 321 miles per hour (517 km/h). The tornado inflicted an estimated total of $1 billion (1999 USD)[8] in damage to the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, making it the second-costliest in Oklahoma history.[9] Another F4 tornado that had killed 42 people in Wichita Falls, Texas moved into Jefferson County, but caused no deaths along the Oklahoma portion of its path.[35] Three F5 tornadoes hit Oklahoma during this time period, striking in 1976, 1982 and 1999. One of these tornadoes moved south of Spiro, killing two people. Another, which crossed Choctaw and McCurtain counties, injured 29 people near Broken Bow.
‡ Tornado crossed state lines in or out of Oklahoma
2000–2006
The years 2000 through 2006 only saw nine intense tornadoes, none of which were fatal. These tornadoes caused a combined total of 154 injuries, the majority of which were sustained when an F4 tornado hit southwest Oklahoma City on May 8, 2003.[37] One fatality was recorded when an F2 tornado moved rural Coal and Atoka counties west of Coalgate on April 10, 2001.[38] The Fujita Scale, which had been used by the National Weather Service during tornado damage surveys to rate tornado damage, was discontinued in February 2007, being replaced by the Enhanced Fujita scale.[39]
2007–present
As of July 2025, a total of 1,220 tornadoes, 41 being intense, have killed over 99 people in Oklahoma since the implementation of the Enhanced Fujita Scale in 2007. The deadliest struck Moore on May 20, 2013, killing 24 people and injuring 212 others.[40] Two EF5 tornadoes have been recorded within state boundaries since 2007, both of which hit areas around Oklahoma City.[41][42] The widest tornado ever recorded, which reached a peak width of 4576 yd (4184 m) (2.6 miles), moved through rural farmland south of El Reno on May 31, 2013, killing eight people.[43]
‡ Tornado crossed state lines in or out of Oklahoma
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Tornadoes by county
* Includes unofficially-rated tornado or tornadoes
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Tornadoes by month
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Longest span without a tornado
The longest timespan without a single tornado reported in Oklahoma was from May 17, 2003 to March 3, 2004, or 291 days.[122] The run was ended on March 4, 2004, when an F0 tornado touched down near Muldrow.[123]
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See also
References
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