Co-presidents of Nicaragua

The co-presidents of Nicaragua (Spanish: Co-presidentes de Nicaragua), officially known as the presidency of the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Presidencia de la República de Nicaragua), are the heads of state and government of Nicaragua.

Co-Presidents of the Republic of Nicaragua
Copresidentes de la República de Nicaragua
Coat of arms of Nicaragua
Incumbent Daniel Ortega Rosario Murillo since 10 January 2007 (Ortega) since 18 February 2025 (Murillo)
Status	Head of state Head of government
Residence	Casa Naranja
Seat	Managua
Term length	Six years renewable indefinitely
Constituting instrument	Constitution of Nicaragua
Precursor	Supreme Director of Nicaragua
Formation	April 30, 1854 (171 years ago) (1854-04-30)
First holder	Fruto Chamorro
Deputy	Vice President of Nicaragua
Salary	116,768 Nicaraguan córdobas/US$3,193 per month[1][2]

The office was created in the Constitution of 1854. From 1825 until the Constitution of 1839, the head of state of Nicaragua was styled simply as Head of State (Jefe de Estado), and from 1839 to 1854 as Supreme Director (Supremo Director).

In 2025, the Constitution of Nicaragua was amended to provide for the powers of the presidency to be exercised by two co-presidents rather than a single officeholder. A male and female co-president are elected by universal suffrage to a six-year term. When the amendment was passed, the incumbent president Daniel Ortega and his wife and vice-president Rosario Murillo were declared to be the inaugural co-presidents, making Nicaragua the only country in the world ruled by a spousal diarchy. Ortega had previously served as president since 2007.^[3]

Constitutional basis

In 2009, the Supreme Court of Nicaragua ruled that the constitutional ban on immediate reelection was unenforceable.^[4] In 2014, the National Assembly amended the constitution to allow the President to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms.^[5]

In 2025, the assembly extended the presidential term to six years and declared incumbent president Daniel Ortega and his wife, Vice President Rosario Murillo, co-presidents.^[6] The revised constitution provides for the powers of the presidency to be exercised by a male and female co-president elected by universal suffrage. Candidates for election must have resided in Nicaragua for at least six years prior to the election, must hold only Nicaraguan nationality, and must not have been declared "traitors to the homeland" (Spanish: traidores a la patria). The qualifications effectively disqualified leading opposition candidates from standing for election, as they had been exiled and stripped of their citizenship in February 2023.^[7]

Heads of state of Nicaragua

Heads of the state of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America (1822–1838)

Name	Political party	Dates in office	Notes
Manuel Antonio de la Cerda	Conservative Federalist	22 April 1825 – 22 April 1826	1st time, from León.
Juan Argüello	Liberal Federalist	22 April 1826 – 14 September 1827	1st time, from León.
Pedro Benito Pineda	Conservative Federalist	17 September 1826 – 26 February 1827	In rebellion, from Granada.
Manuel Antonio de la Cerda	Conservative Federalist	27 February 1827 – 7 November 1828	In rebellion, 2nd time.
Pedro Oviedo	Liberal Federalist	14 September 1827 – December 1827	Provisional, from Chinandega, León and Granada.
Liberal Juntas	Liberal Federalist	December 1827 – August 1828	From León and Granada.
Juan Argüello	Liberal Federalist	5 August 1828 – November 1829	2nd time, from León.
Juan Espinosa	Liberal Federalist	8 November 1829 – 10 May 1830	Acting.
Dionisio de Herrera	Liberal Federalist	10 May 1830 – December, 1833
Benito Morales	Legitimist	December, 1833 – 10 March 1834	Acting.
José Núñez	Legitimist	10 March 1834 – 23 April 1835
José Zepeda	Liberal Federalist	23 April 1835 – 25 January 1837	Assassinated.
José Núñez	Legitimist	25 January 1837 – 12 January 1838	2nd time, acting.
Francisco Jiménez Rubio	Legitimist	12 January 1838 – 13 March 1838	Acting.
José Núñez	Legitimist	13 March 1838 – 30 April 1838	3rd time.

Supreme directors (1838–1854)

Portrait	Name	Political party	Dates in office	Notes
	José Núñez	Legitimist	30 April 1838 – 5 January 1839	First Transitional Government
	Joaquín del Cossío	Legitimist	? 1839 – 15 May 1839	Second Transitional Government
	Evaristo Rocha	Legitimist	5 January – 30 June 1839	Second Transitional Government, Acting
	Patricio Rivas	Democratic	30 June 1839 – 27 July 1839	Second Transitional Government, Acting
	Joaquín del Cossío	Legitimist	27 July 1839 – 20 October 1839	Second Transitional Government
	Hilario Ulloa	Legitimist	20 October 1839 – 7 November 1839	Acting
	Tomás Valladares	Democratic	7 November 1839 – 21 September 1840	Acting
	Patricio Rivas	Democratic	21 September 1840 – 4 March 1841	Acting
	Pablo Buitrago	Legitimist	4 March 1841 – 1 April 1843	1841 Nicaraguan Supreme Director Elections
	Juan de Dios Orozco	Legitimist	1 April 1843 – 31 May 1843	Acting
	Manuel Pérez	Democratic	31 May 1843 – 4 November 1844	Elected by Parliament, resigned due to Salvadoran Invasion
	Emiliano Madriz	Democratic	4 November 1844 – 24 January 1845	Acting until 26 December, then Interim in León
	Silvestre Selva	Legitimist	16 December 1844 – 20 January 1845	Appointed by invading forces of Francisco Malespín, in Masaya
	Blas Antonio Sáenz	Legitimist	20 January – 4 April 1845	Provisional in Masaya until January 24, Acting until elections
	José León Sandoval	Republican	4 April 1845 – 12 March 1847	1845 Nicaraguan Supreme Director Elections
	Miguel Ramón Morales	Legitimist	12 March – 6 April 1847	Acting
	José María Guerrero	Republican	6 April 1847 – 1 January 1849	Lost the 1847 Nicaraguan Supreme Director Elections, but Legislative Assembly appointed him unanimously
	Toribio Terán	Legitimist	1 January – 8 March 1849	Acting
	Benito Rosales	Legitimist	8 March – 1 April 1849	Acting
	Norberto Ramírez	Legitimist	1 April 1849 – 1 April 1851	1849 Nicaraguan Supreme Director Elections
	Justo Abaunza	Legitimist	1 April – 5 May 1851	Provisional Government in León. 1st time, Acting Senator.
	Laureano Pineda	Democratic	5 May – 4 August 1851	1st time. Deposed by José Trinidad Muñoz's military coup.
	Justo Abaunza	Legitimist	4 August – 11 November 1851	2nd time. Acting senator under the authority of José Trinidad Muñoz, General in Chief, leader of the military coup.
	Laureano Pineda	Democratic	5–11 August 1851	In dissent, 2nd time.
	José Francisco del Montenegro	Legitimist	5–11 August 1851	Government in Granada, died after assuming command.
	José de Jesús Alfaro	Democratic	11 August – 2 November 1851	In dissent. Government in Granada, Acting Senator.
	Fulgencio Vega	Legitimist	11 November 1851 – 1852,	Appointed by the Assembly with the support of: Fruto Chamorro Brigadier General, victorious against José Trinidad Muñoz.
	Laureano Pineda	Democratic	11 November 1851 – 1 April 1853	In rebellion until 2 November 1851. 3rd time.
	Fruto Chamorro	Legitimist	1 April 1853 – 30 April 1854	Government in Granada.
	Francisco Castellón	Democratic	11 June 1854 – 2 September 1855	Provisional in rebellion, from León to 1 April 1855.
	Nazario Escoto	Democratic	2 September – 30 October 1855	Provisional in rebellion, from León.

Presidents of the Republic of Nicaragua (1854–present)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party (at time of election)	Election	Ref.
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
1		Fruto Chamorro (1804–1855)	30 April 1854	12 March 1855	316 days	Conservative	–	[8]
—		José María Estrada (1802–1856) Acting	12 March 1855	22 October 1855	224 days	Conservative	–	[8]
—		Patricio Rivas (1810–1867) Provisional	30 October 1855	24 June 1857	224 days	Democratic	1856	[8]
—		William Walker (1824–1860) Usurper	12 July 1856	1 May 1857	293 days	Democratic	–	[8]
—		Government Junta Máximo Jerez and Tomás Martínez	24 June 1857	15 November 1857	144 days	Non partisan	–	[8]
2		Tomás Martínez (1820–1873)	15 November 1857	1 March 1867	9 years, 106 days	Conservative	1857 1863	[8]
3		Fernando Guzmán Solórzano (1812–1891)	1 March 1867	1 March 1871	4 years	Conservative	1867	[8]
4		José Vicente Cuadra (1812–1894)	1 March 1871	1 March 1875	4 years	Conservative	1871	[8]
5		Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro (1818–1890)	1 March 1875	1 March 1879	4 years	Conservative	1875	[8]
6		Joaquín Zavala (1835–1906)	1 March 1879	1 March 1883	4 years	Conservative	1879	[8]
7		Adán Cárdenas (1836–1916)	1 March 1883	1 March 1887	4 years	Conservative	1883	[8]
8		Evaristo Carazo (1821–1889)	1 March 1887	1 August 1889	2 years, 153 days	Conservative	1887	[8]
–		Nicolás Osorno (1845–1918) Acting	1 August 1889	5 August 1889	4 days	Conservative	–	–
–		Roberto Sacasa (1840–1896) Acting	5 August 1889	1 January 1891	1 year, 149 days	Conservative	–	[8]
9		Ignacio Chaves Tellería (1836–1925)	1 January 1891	1 March 1891	59 days	Conservative	–	–
10		Roberto Sacasa (1840–1896)	1 March 1891	11 July 1893	2 years, 132 days	Conservative	–	[8]
–		Salvador Machado (1838–1925) Acting	11 July 1893	15 July 1893	4 days	Conservative	–	–
–		Joaquín Zavala (1835–1906) Acting	16 July 1893	25 July 1893	9 days	Conservative	–	[8]
11		José Santos Zelaya (1853–1919)	25 July 1893	21 December 1909	16 years, 149 days	Liberal	1902 1906	[8]
–		José Madriz (1867–1911) Acting	21 December 1909	20 August 1910	242 days	Liberal	–	[8]
–		José Dolores Estrada (1869–1939) Acting	20 August 1910	27 August 1910	7 days	Liberal	–	–
–		Luis Mena (1865–1928) Acting	27 August 1910	30 August 1910	3 days	Conservative	–	–
–		Juan José Estrada (1872–1967) Acting	30 August 1910	9 May 1911	252 days	Liberal	–	[8]
12		Adolfo Díaz (1875–1964)	9 May 1911	1 January 1917	5 years, 237 days	Conservative	1912 1914	[8]
13		Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1871–1966)	1 January 1917	1 January 1921	4 years	Conservative	1916	[8]
14		Diego Manuel Chamorro (1861–1923)	1 January 1921	12 October 1923 †	2 years, 284 days	Conservative	1920	[8]
–		Rosendo Chamorro (1862–1947) Acting	12 October 1923	27 October 1923	15 days	Conservative	–	–
15		Bartolomé Martínez (1873–1936)	27 October 1923	1 January 1925	1 year, 66 days	Conservative	–	[8]
16		Carlos José Solórzano (1860–1936)	1 January 1925	14 March 1926	1 year, 72 days	Conservative	1924	[8]
(13)		Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1871–1966) De facto	14 March 1926	11 November 1926	242 days	Conservative	–	[8]
–		Sebastián Uriza (1861–?) Acting	11 November 1926	14 November 1926	3 days	Conservative	–	–
(12)		Adolfo Díaz (1875–1964)	14 November 1926	1 January 1929	2 years, 293 days	Conservative	1926	[8]
17		José María Moncada (1870–1945)	1 January 1929	1 January 1933	4 years	PLN	1928	[8]
18		Juan Bautista Sacasa (1874–1946)	1 January 1933	9 June 1936	3 years, 160 days	PLN	1932	[8]
–		Carlos Alberto Brenes (1884–1942) Acting	9 June 1936	1 January 1937	206 days	PLN	–	[8]
19		Anastasio Somoza García (1896–1956)	1 January 1937	1 May 1947	10 years, 120 days	PLN	1936	[8]
20		Leonardo Argüello Barreto (1875–1947)	1 May 1947	26 May 1947	25 days	PLN	1947 (Feb)	[8]
–		Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa (1893–1959) Acting	26 May 1947	15 August 1947	81 days	PLN	–	[8]
21		Víctor Manuel Román y Reyes (1872–1950)	15 August 1947	6 May 1950	25 days	PLN	1947 (Aug)	[8]
–		Manuel Fernando Zurita (?–?) Acting	6 May 1950	7 May 1950	1 day	PLN	–	–
(19)		Anastasio Somoza García (1896–1956)	7 May 1950	29 September 1956 †	6 years, 145 days	PLN	1950	[8]
22		Luis Somoza Debayle (1922–1967)	29 September 1956	1 May 1963	6 years, 214 days	PLN	1957	[8]
23		René Schick (1909–1966)	1 May 1963	3 August 1966 †	3 years, 94 days	PLN	1963	[8]
–		Orlando Montenegro Medrano (1920–1988) Acting	3 August 1966	4 August 1966	1 day	PLN	–	–
24		Lorenzo Guerrero (1900–1981)	4 August 1966	1 May 1967	271 days	PLN	–	[8]
25		Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1925–1980)	1 May 1967	1 May 1972	5 years	PLN	1967	[8]
–		Liberal-Conservative Junta	1 May 1972	1 December 1974	2 years, 214 days	Non partisan	–	–
(25)		Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1925–1980)	1 December 1974	17 July 1979	4 years, 228 days	PLN	1974	[8]
–		Francisco Urcuyo (1915–2001) Acting	17 July 1979	18 July 1979	1 day	PLN	–	[8]
–		Junta of National Reconstruction (Coordinator: Daniel Ortega)	18 July 1979	10 January 1985	5 years, 176 days	Non partisan	–	–
26		Daniel Ortega (born 1945)	10 January 1985	25 April 1990	5 years, 105 days	FSLN	1984	[8]
27		Violeta Chamorro (1929–2025)	25 April 1990	10 January 1997	6 years, 260 days	UNO	1990	[8]
28		Arnoldo Alemán (born 1946)	10 January 1997	10 January 2002	5 years	PLC	1996	[8]
29		Enrique Bolaños (1928–2021)	10 January 2002	10 January 2007	5 years	PLC APRE	2001	[8]
(26)		Daniel Ortega (born 1945) Co-president	10 January 2007	Incumbent	18 years, 221 days	FSLN	2006 2011 2016 2021	–
30		Rosario Murillo (born 1951) Co-president	18 February 2025	Incumbent	182 days	FSLN	–	–

Timeline

Latest election

Main article: 2021 Nicaraguan general election

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Daniel Ortega	Sandinista National Liberation Front	2,093,834	75.87
	Walter Espinoza	Constitutionalist Liberal Party	395,406	14.33
	Guillermo Osorno	Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path	89,853	3.26
	Marcelo Montiel	Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance	85,711	3.11
	Gerson Gutiérrez	Alliance for the Republic	48,429	1.75
	Mauricio Orué	Independent Liberal Party	46,510	1.69
Total			2,759,743	100.00
Valid votes			2,759,743	94.47
Invalid/blank votes			161,687	5.53
Total votes			2,921,430	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			4,476,601	65.26
Source: CSE, adam-carr

See also

• History of Nicaragua
• List of years in Nicaragua