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The prime minister of the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: primeiro-ministro da República Portuguesa) is the head of the Government of Portugal. The officeholder coordinates the actions of all ministers, represents the Government as a whole, reports their actions and is accountable to the Assembly of the Republic, in addition to keeping the president of the Republic informed.
There is no limit to the number of mandates as prime minister. They are appointed by the president of the Republic, after the legislative elections and after an audience with every leader of a party represented at the Assembly. It is usual for the leader of the party which receives a plurality of votes in the elections to be named prime minister.
The official residence of the prime minister is a mansion next to São Bento Palace, which, in confusion, is also often called "São Bento Palace", although many prime ministers did not live in the palace during their full mandate.
The origins of present office of prime minister of Portugal fall back to the beginning of the Portuguese monarchy in the 12th century. Typically, a senior official of the king of Portugal prevailed over the others, ensuring the coordination of the administration of the kingdom as a kind of prime minister. Throughout history, the prominent position fell successively on the Mayor of the Palace (Portuguese Mordomo-Mor), on the Chancellor (Chanceler-Mor), on the King's Private Secretary (Escrivão da Puridade) and on the Secretary of State (Secretário de Estado).
In 1736, three offices of secretary of state were created, with the Secretary of State of the Internal Affairs of the Kingdom (Secretário de Estado dos Negócios Interiores do Reino) occupying a prominent position over the others.
Since the 1820 Liberal Revolution of Porto, liberalism and parliamentarism were installed in the country. In the first liberal period, there were three to six secretaries of state with equal position in the hierarchy, but with the Secretary the Internal Affairs of the Kingdom (usually known by Minister of the Kingdom) continuing to occupy a prominent position. Occasionally there was a Minister Assistant to the Dispatch (Ministro Assistante ao Despacho), a coordinator of all secretaries of state, and with a post similar to that of a prime minister. After a brief absolutistic restoration, the second liberalism started. With the beginning of the Constitutional Monarchy, the office of President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente do Conselho de Ministros) was created. The presidents of the council were clearly the heads of government of the kingdom, holding the executive power that absolute monarchs had, but were restricted by the controlling power of the National Congress.
With the advent of the Republic in the 5 October 1910 revolution, the head of government was renamed President of the Ministry (Presidente do Ministério). During this period the heads of government were under the strong power of the parliament and often fell due to parliamentary turmoils and social instability.
With the 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and eventually, after the formation of the Estado Novo quasi-fascist dictatorial regime of António de Oliveira Salazar, the prime minister was again named President of the Council of Ministers, and was nominally the most important figure in the country. First Salazar and then Marcello Caetano occupied this post for almost 42 years.
With the Carnation Revolution came the prime minister, which replaced the president of the council.
The official numbering of the prime ministers starts with the first president of the Council of Ministers of the constitutional monarchy. A second column is added after the establishment of the Republic, numbering the prime ministers from there to the present day. Another column is added for the numbering inside the three regimes: First Republic, the Second Republic and Third Republic, with a fourth column in the Second Republic to mark the numbering of prime ministers since the 1926 revolution that established the National Dictatorship and since the replacement of the National Dictatorship with the Salazarist Estado Novo. In the Third Republic, a fourth column is also used to distinguish the prime ministers of the provisional governments that existed during the period immediately following the Carnation Revolution of 1974 from the prime ministers that assumed office after the entry into force of Portugal's current democratic Constitution adopted 1976.
At the right hand side, a column indicates the official numbering of the Constitutional Governments. The numbering of the Constitutional Governments is not the same as the numbering of prime ministers since the Constitution because, whenever elections for a new parliament take place, a new constitutional government is installed, even if the prime minister remains the same; however, there is also a change of constitutional government when the prime minister is replaced, even if in mid-parliament. So, because some prime ministers managed to remain in office after fresh elections (thus serving as prime ministers under more than one parliament), there are more constitutional governments than there are prime ministers.
The colors indicate the political affiliation of each prime minister.
No party/independent
Chartist/Chamorro
Chamorro
Septemberist
Regenerator
Historic
Reformist
Regenerator/Historic
Progressist
Liberal Regenerator
Republican
Democratic
National Republican/Sidonist
Republican Liberal
Reconstitution Party
Nationalist Republican
Democratic Leftwing Republican
National Union/People's National Action
Democratic Renewal Party
Socialist
Social Democratic
Democratic and Social Centre
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Political party | Government | Monarch (Reign) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Marquis of Palmela (1781–1850) |
24 September 1834 |
4 May 1835 |
Chartist/"Chamorro" | 1st Dev. | Maria II (1834–1853) and Fernando II (1837–1853) | |
1834 | |||||||
Portugal's first official prime minister; First Devourism government. | |||||||
2 | Vitório Maria de Sousa Coutinho, Count of Linhares (1790–1857) |
4 May 1835 |
27 May 1835 |
"Chamorro" | |||
— | |||||||
3 | João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, Marquis of Saldanha (1790–1876) |
27 May 1835 |
18 November 1835 |
Independent | 2nd Dev. | ||
— | |||||||
Second Devourism government; Resigned after the auction of estuarine lands of the Tejo and Sado River and for military aid to Spanish Queen Isabella II. | |||||||
4 | José Jorge Loureiro (1791–1860) |
18 November 1835 |
20 April 1836 |
Independent | 3rd Dev. | ||
— | |||||||
Third Devourism government; Government fell after failure to pass a budget. | |||||||
5 | António José Severim de Noronha, Duke of Terceira and Marquis of Vila Flor (1792–1860) |
20 April 1836 |
10 September 1836 |
"Chamorro" | 4th Dev. | ||
Jul.1836 | |||||||
Fourth and last Devourism government; September 1836 Revolution. | |||||||
6 | José da Gama Carneiro e Sousa, Count of Lumiares (1788–1849) |
10 September 1836 |
4 November 1836 |
Septemberist | 1st Set. | ||
— | |||||||
Belenzada attempted coup by Queen Maria II of Portugal to remove the government; Resigned in the aftermath. | |||||||
— | José Bernardino de Portugal e Castro, Marquis of Valença and Count of Vimioso (1780–1840) (did not take office) |
4 November 1836 |
5 November 1836 |
Independent | — | ||
— | |||||||
Did not take office. | |||||||
7 | Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Viscount of Sá da Bandeira (1795–1876) |
5 November 1836 |
1 June 1837 |
Septemberist | 2nd Set. | ||
Nov.1836 | |||||||
Local government reform by minister Passos Manuel; Abolition of slavery traffic in Portuguese colonies. | |||||||
8 | António Dias de Oliveira (1804–1863) |
1 June 1837 |
2 August 1837 |
Septemberist | 3rd Set. | ||
— | |||||||
Revolt of the Marshals. | |||||||
9 | Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Viscount of Sá da Bandeira (2nd time) (1795–1876) |
2 August 1837 |
18 April 1839 |
Septemberist | 4th Set. | ||
1838 | |||||||
Portuguese Constitution of 1838. | |||||||
10 | Rodrigo Pinto Pizarro de Almeida Carvalhais, Baron of Ribeira de Sabrosa (1788–1841) |
18 April 1839 |
26 November 1839 |
Septemberist | 5th Set. | ||
— | |||||||
Last fully Septemberist government. | |||||||
11 | José Lúcio Travassos Valdez, Count of Bonfim (1787–1862) |
26 November 1839 |
9 June 1841 |
Septemberist | 6th Set. | ||
1840 | |||||||
Coalition government; Resume of diplomatic relations with other European powers, including Spain and the Holy See. | |||||||
12 | Joaquim António de Aguiar (1792–1884) |
9 June 1841 |
7 February 1842 |
Septemberist | 7th Set. | ||
— | |||||||
Known as the "Friar-Killer" due to his role in the dissolution of the monasteries in Portugal; Collapse of the Portuguese Constitution of 1838; Resigned after the restoration of the Constitutional Charter of 1826. | |||||||
13 | Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Marquis of Palmela (2nd time) (1781–1850) |
7 February 1842 |
9 February 1842 |
Independent | G.E. | ||
— | |||||||
3-day "Shrovetide Government"; Beginning of Cabralism. | |||||||
14 | António José Severim de Noronha, Duke of Terceira and Marquis of Vila Flor (2nd time) (1792–1860) |
9 February 1842 |
20 May 1846 |
Chartist | 1st R. Cart. | ||
1842, 1845 | |||||||
Known as the "Restoration Government"; Torres Novas revolt; Resigned after the Revolution of Maria da Fonte; Fled to exile in Madrid; End of Cabralism. | |||||||
15 | Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Marquis of Palmela (3rd time) (1781–1850) |
20 May 1846 |
6 October 1846 |
Chartist | 2nd R. Cart. | ||
— | |||||||
Emboscada palace coup. | |||||||
16 | João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, Duke of Saldanha (2nd time) (1790–1876) |
6 October 1846 |
18 June 1849 |
Chartist | 3rd R. Cart. | ||
1847 | |||||||
Patuleia or Little Civil War that resulted in a Chartist victory; Convention of Gramido. | |||||||
17 | António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, Count of Tomar (1803–1889) |
18 June 1849 |
26 April 1851 |
Chartist | 4th R. Cart. | ||
— | |||||||
Returned from exile; Resigned due to political and military unrest. | |||||||
18 | António José Severim de Noronha, Duke of Terceira and Marquis of Vila Flor (3rd time) (1792–1860) |
26 April 1851 |
1 May 1851 |
Regenerator | 5th R. Cart. | ||
— | |||||||
Military insurrection of 1 May 1851; Beginning of the Regeneration. | |||||||
19 | João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, Duke of Saldanha (3rd time) (1790–1876) |
1 May 1851 |
6 June 1856 |
Regenerator | 1st Reg. | ||
1851, 1852 | Pedro V (1853–1861) | ||||||
Death of queen Maria II; Pedro V ascends the throne. | |||||||
20 | Nuno José Severo de Mendonça Rolim de Moura Barreto, Duke of Loulé (1804–1875) |
6 June 1856 |
16 March 1859 |
Historic | 2nd Reg. | ||
1856, 1858 | |||||||
Opening of the first railway line in Portugal on 28 October 1856. | |||||||
21 | António José Severim de Noronha, Duke of Terceira and Marquis of Vila Flor (4th time) (1792–1860) |
16 March 1859 |
1 May 1860 (died) |
Regenerator | 3rd Reg. | ||
1860 | |||||||
Died in office of pneumonia. | |||||||
22 | Joaquim António de Aguiar (2nd time) (1792–1884) |
1 May 1860 |
4 July 1860 |
Regenerator | |||
— | |||||||
23 | Nuno José Severo de Mendonça Rolim de Moura Barreto, Duke of Loulé (2nd time) (1804–1875) |
4 July 1860 |
17 April 1865 |
Historic | 4th Reg. | ||
1861, 1864 | Luis I (1861–1889) | ||||||
Death of king Pedro V; Luís I ascends the throne. | |||||||
24 | Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Marquis of Sá da Bandeira (3rd time) (1795–1876) |
17 April 1865 |
4 September 1865 |
Reformist | 5th Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
25 | Joaquim António de Aguiar (3rd time) (1792–1884) |
4 September 1865 |
4 January 1868 |
Regenerator (with the Historic Party) | 6th Reg. | ||
1865, 1867 | |||||||
Nicknamed the "Ministry of Fusion"; Forced to resign after the Janeirinha uprising. | |||||||
26 | António José de Ávila, Duke of Ávila and Bolama (1807–1881) |
4 January 1868 |
22 July 1868 |
Independent (with Reformists) |
7th Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
Repeal of the tax that ignited the Janeirinha uprising; Resigned due to the bad economic situation of the country. | |||||||
27 | Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Marquis of Sá da Bandeira (4th time) (1795–1876) |
22 July 1868 |
11 August 1869 |
Reformist | 8th Reg. | ||
1868, 1869 | |||||||
Abolition of slavery in all Portuguese territories. | |||||||
28 | Nuno José Severo de Mendonça Rolim de Moura Barreto, Duke of Loulé (3rd time) (1804–1875) |
11 August 1869 |
19 May 1870 |
Historic (with Reformists) |
9th Reg. | ||
Mar.1870 | |||||||
Forced to resign after the "Ajudada" and "Saldanhada" coups, led by the Duke of Saldanha. | |||||||
29 | João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, Duke of Saldanha (4th time) (1790–1876) |
19 May 1870 |
29 August 1870 |
Regenerator | 10th Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
Dismissed by King Luis I. | |||||||
30 | Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Marquis of Sá da Bandeira (5th time) (1795–1876) |
29 August 1870 |
29 October 1870 |
Reformist | 11th Reg. | ||
Sep.1870 | |||||||
Nominated by King Luis I. | |||||||
31 | António José de Ávila, Marquis of Ávila (2nd time) (1807–1881) |
29 October 1870 |
13 September 1871 |
Reformist | 12th Reg. | ||
1871 | |||||||
32 | António Maria de Fontes Pereira de Melo (1819–1887) |
13 September 1871 |
6 March 1877 |
Regenerator | 13th Reg. | ||
1874 | |||||||
Longest serving Prime Minister in the Constitutional Monarchy (3 separate terms) and 2nd longest in Portuguese history; Conducted dynamic industrial and public infrastructure policy; educational reform; start of industrialization process. | |||||||
33 | António José de Ávila, Marquis of Ávila (3rd time) (1807–1881) |
6 March 1877 |
26 January 1878 |
Reformist | 14th Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
34 | António Maria de Fontes Pereira de Melo (2nd time) (1819–1887) |
26 January 1878 |
29 May 1879 |
Regenerator | 15th Reg. | ||
1878 | |||||||
Resigned due to a financial scandal surrounding the National Overseas Bank. | |||||||
35 | Anselmo José Braamcamp de Almeida Castelo Branco (1817–1885) |
29 May 1879 |
23 March 1881 |
Progressist | 16th Reg. | ||
1879 | |||||||
Government fell after a motion of no confidence was presented. | |||||||
36 | António Rodrigues Sampaio (1806–1882) |
23 March 1881 |
14 November 1881 |
Regenerator | 17th Reg. | ||
1881 | |||||||
37 | António Maria de Fontes Pereira de Melo (3rd time) (1819–1887) |
14 November 1881 |
16 February 1886 |
Regenerator | |||
1884 | |||||||
Lifetime terms in the Chamber of Most Worthy Peers; Portuguese Army reforms. | |||||||
38 | José Luciano de Castro Pereira Côrte-Real (1834–1914) |
16 February 1886 |
14 January 1890 |
Progressist | 18th Reg. | ||
1887, 1889 | Carlos I (1889–1908) | ||||||
Pink Map crisis; Death of king Luís I; Carlos I ascends the throne; 1890 British Ultimatum. | |||||||
39 | António de Serpa Pimentel (1825–1900) |
14 January 1890 |
11 October 1890 |
Regenerator | 19th Reg. | ||
1890 | |||||||
Resigned due to the proposed Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891. | |||||||
40 | João Crisóstomo de Abreu e Sousa (1811–1895) |
11 October 1890 |
18 January 1892 |
Independent | 20th Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
31 January 1891 rebellion in Porto; Signing of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891. | |||||||
41 | José Dias Ferreira (1837–1909) |
18 January 1892 |
22 February 1893 |
Independent | 21st Reg. | ||
1892 | |||||||
Crisis of "Rotativism" between Regenerators and Progressives; Formed what was known as the "Party calming government". | |||||||
42 | Ernesto Rodolfo Hintze Ribeiro (1849–1907) |
22 February 1893 |
5 February 1897 |
Regenerator | 22nd Reg. | ||
1894, 1895 | |||||||
Insular autonomy for Azores and Madeira islands; Pharmacies' law; Forest's law. | |||||||
43 | José Luciano de Castro Pereira Côrte-Real (2nd time) (1834–1914) |
5 February 1897 |
26 July 1900 |
Progressist | 23rd Reg. | ||
1897, 1899 | |||||||
Sanitary siege of Porto in 1899 due to bubonic plague. | |||||||
44 | Ernesto Rodolfo Hintze Ribeiro (2nd time) (1849–1907) |
26 July 1900 |
20 October 1904 |
Regenerator | 24th Reg. | ||
1900, 1901, 1904 | |||||||
"Ignoble crap" electoral law that prevented the election of opponents of the Regenerators. | |||||||
45 | José Luciano de Castro Pereira Côrte-Real (3rd time) (1834–1914) |
20 October 1904 |
19 March 1906 |
Progressist | 25th Reg. | ||
1905 | |||||||
"Tobacco Issue". | |||||||
46 | Ernesto Rodolfo Hintze Ribeiro (3rd time) (1849–1907) |
19 March 1906 |
19 May 1906 |
Regenerator | 26th Reg. | ||
Apr.1906 | |||||||
Police brutality against republicans upon the arrival of Bernardino Machado in Lisbon; Resigned after just 57 days in government. | |||||||
47 | João Ferreira Franco Pinto Castelo-Branco (1855–1929) |
19 May 1906 |
4 February 1908 |
Liberal Regenerator | 27th Reg. | ||
Aug.1906 | |||||||
Establishment of an authoritarian government; 28 January 1908 Coup; Lisbon Regicide and death of King Carlos I and other royal family members; Manuel II ascends the throne. | |||||||
48 | Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral (1844–1923) |
4 February 1908 |
26 December 1908 |
Independent | 28th Reg. | Manuel II (1908–1910) | |
1908 | |||||||
"Government of calm" following the assassination of King Carlos I | |||||||
49 | Artur Alberto de Campos Henriques (1853–1922) |
26 December 1908 |
11 April 1909 |
Independent (Regenerator and Progressist) |
29th Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
50 | Sebastião Custódio de Sousa Teles (1847–1921) |
11 April 1909 |
14 May 1909 |
Independent | 30th Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
1909 Benavente earthquake | |||||||
51 | Venceslau de Sousa Pereira de Lima (1858–1919) |
14 May 1909 |
22 December 1909 |
Independent | 31st Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
52 | Francisco António da Veiga Beirão (1841–1916) |
22 December 1909 |
26 June 1910 |
Regenerator | 32nd Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
53 | António Teixeira de Sousa (1857–1917) |
26 June 1910 |
5 October 1910 |
Regenerator | 33rd Reg. | ||
1910 | |||||||
5 October 1910 revolution; End of Monarchy; royal family is exiled in the United Kingdom. |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Political party | Government | President (Mandate) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
54 | Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga (1843–1924) |
5 October 1910 |
4 September 1911 |
Republican | 1st | Teófilo Braga (1910–1911) | |
1911 | |||||||
5 October 1910 revolution; 1911 Constitution of Portugal; New flag and national anthem; Catholic Church assets nationalized and public manifestations of worship supervised; Severance of relations between the Holy See and Portugal. | |||||||
55 | João Pinheiro Chagas (1863–1925) |
4 September 1911 |
13 November 1911 |
Republican | 2nd | Manuel de Arriaga (1911–1915) | |
— | |||||||
56 | Augusto César de Almeida de Vasconcelos Correia (1867–1951) |
13 November 1911 |
16 June 1912 |
Republican | 3rd | ||
— | |||||||
57 | Duarte Leite Pereira da Silva (1864–1950) |
16 June 1912 |
23 September 1912 |
Republican | 4th | ||
— | |||||||
Royalist attack on Chaves. | |||||||
— | Augusto César de Almeida de Vasconcelos Correia (1867–1951) (interim) |
23 September 1912 |
30 September 1912 |
Republican | |||
— | |||||||
Duarte Leite Pereira da Silva (1864–1950) |
30 September 1912 |
9 January 1913 |
Republican | ||||
— | |||||||
58 | Afonso Augusto da Costa (1871–1937) |
9 January 1913 |
9 February 1914 |
Democratic | 5th | ||
— | |||||||
59 | Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães (1851–1944) |
9 February 1914 |
12 December 1914 |
Democratic | 6th, 7th | ||
— | |||||||
Portugal in World War I. | |||||||
60 | Victor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho (1871–1955) |
12 December 1914 |
28 January 1915 |
Democratic | 8th | ||
— | |||||||
61 | Joaquim Pereira Pimenta de Castro (1846–1918) |
28 January 1915 |
14 May 1915 |
Independent | 9th | ||
— | |||||||
— | Constitutional Junta composed of: José Norton de Matos António Maria da Silva José de Freitas Ribeiro Alfredo de Sá Cardoso Álvaro de Castro |
14 May 1915 |
15 May 1915 |
None | — | ||
— | |||||||
— | João Pinheiro Chagas (did not take office) (1863–1925) |
15 May 1915 |
17 May 1915 |
Independent | 10th, 11th | ||
— | |||||||
62 | José Augusto Soares Ribeiro de Castro (1868–1929) |
17 May 1915 |
29 November 1915 |
Democratic | Teófilo Braga (1915) | ||
1915 | |||||||
63 | Afonso Augusto da Costa (2nd time) (1871–1937) |
29 November 1915 |
16 March 1916 |
Democratic | 12th | Bernardino Machado (1915–1917) | |
— | |||||||
Germany declares war on Portugal. | |||||||
64 | António José de Almeida (1866–1929) |
16 March 1916 |
25 April 1917 |
Sacred Union (Evolutionist Party with the Democrats) |
13th | ||
— | |||||||
65 | Afonso Augusto da Costa (3rd time) (1871–1937) |
25 April 1917 |
7 October 1917 |
Democratic | 14th | ||
— | |||||||
Sacred Union government. | |||||||
— | José Maria Mendes Ribeiro Norton de Matos (1867–1955) (interim) |
7 October 1917 |
25 October 1917 |
Democratic | |||
— | |||||||
Afonso Augusto da Costa (1871–1937) |
25 October 1917 |
17 November 1917 |
Democratic | ||||
— | |||||||
José Maria Mendes Ribeiro Norton de Matos (1867–1955) (interim) |
17 November 1917 |
8 December 1917 |
Democratic | ||||
— | |||||||
December 1917 coup d'état. | |||||||
66 | Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais (1872–1918) |
8 December 1917 |
14 December 1918 (died) |
National Republican | 15th, 16th | Sidónio Pais (1918) | |
1918 | |||||||
Known as the President-King; establishment of an authoritarian regime; Spanish flu outbreak; assassinated. | |||||||
67 | João do Canto e Castro da Silva Antunes Júnior (1862–1934) |
14 December 1918 |
23 December 1918 |
National Republican | João do Canto e Castro (1918–1919) | ||
— | |||||||
68 | João Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (1883–1948) |
23 December 1918 |
27 January 1919 |
National Republican | 17th, 18th | ||
— | |||||||
Monarchy of the North. | |||||||
69 | José Maria Mascarenhas Relvas (1858–1929) |
27 January 1919 |
30 March 1919 |
Independent | 19th | ||
— | |||||||
70 | Domingos Leite Pereira (1882–1956) |
30 March 1919 |
30 June 1919 |
Independent | 20th | ||
— | |||||||
71 | Alfredo Ernesto de Sá Cardoso (1864–1950) |
30 June 1919 |
15 January 1920 |
Democratic | 21st | ||
1919 | |||||||
— | Francisco José Fernandes Costa (did not take office) (1857–1925) |
15 January 1920 |
Republican Liberal | 22nd | António José de Almeida (1919–1923) | ||
— | |||||||
Resigned before being sworn in; Known as the "Five minutes government". | |||||||
— | Alfredo Ernesto de Sá Cardoso (reconducted) (1864–1950) |
15 January 1920 |
21 January 1920 |
Democratic | 21st | ||
— | |||||||
Invited again to form government; Lasted just 6 days in office. | |||||||
72 | Domingos Leite Pereira (2nd time) (1882–1956) |
21 January 1920 |
8 March 1920 |
Independent | 23rd | ||
— | |||||||
73 | António Maria Baptista (1866–1920) |
8 March 1920 |
6 June 1920 (died) |
Democratic | 24th | ||
— | |||||||
Died during a meeting of the council of ministers, due to a stroke, after reading an insulting letter. | |||||||
74 | José Ramos Preto (1871–1949) |
6 June 1920 |
26 June 1920 |
Democratic | |||
— | |||||||
Resigned just 12 days after being sworn in due to backlash for increasing salaries of members of ministerial cabinets. | |||||||
75 | António Maria da Silva (1872–1950) |
26 June 1920 |
19 July 1920 |
Democratic (with the Socialists and Populars) |
25th | ||
— | |||||||
76 | António Joaquim Granjo (1881–1921) |
19 July 1920 |
20 November 1920 |
Republican Liberal (with the Reconstitution Party) |
26th | ||
— | |||||||
77 | Álvaro Xavier de Castro (1878–1928) |
20 November 1920 |
30 November 1920 |
Democratic (with Reconstitution Party and Populars) |
27th | ||
— | |||||||
Held office for just 10 days. | |||||||
78 | Liberato Damião Ribeiro Pinto (1880–1949) |
30 November 1920 |
2 March 1921 |
Democratic (with Reconstitution Party and Populars) |
28th | ||
— | |||||||
Social unrest; Calls to take power in a dictatorship. | |||||||
79 | Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães (2nd time) (1851–1944) |
2 March 1921 |
23 May 1921 |
Democratic (with Reconstitution Party and Populars) |
29th | ||
— | |||||||
Accused of planning a coup to overthrow President António José de Almeida; Forced to resign. | |||||||
80 | Tomé José de Barros Queirós (1872–1925) |
23 May 1921 |
30 August 1921 |
Republican Liberal | 30th | ||
— | |||||||
Economic crisis; Request for a loan of 50 million dollars from the United States. | |||||||
81 | António Joaquim Granjo (2nd time) (1881–1921) |
30 August 1921 |
19 October 1921 (Died) |
Republican Liberal | 31st | ||
1921 | |||||||
Bloody Night revolt. Assassination of Prime Minister António Granjo. | |||||||
82 | António Manuel Maria Coelho (1857–1943) |
19 October 1921 |
5 November 1921 |
Independent | 32nd | ||
— | |||||||
Resigned because of fears of a foreign intervention, due to the social and political chaos, of English, French and Spanish warships. | |||||||
83 | Carlos Henrique da Silva Maia Pinto (1866–1932) |
5 November 1921 |
16 December 1921 |
Independent | 33rd | ||
— | |||||||
Resigned after just 40 days in office due to lack of legitimacy after the fallout of the Bloody Night revolt. | |||||||
84 | Francisco Pinto da Cunha Leal (1888–1970) |
16 December 1921 |
7 February 1922 |
Democratic | 34th | ||
— | |||||||
Social and political unrest; Resigned after a small diplomatic clash with the United Kingdom. | |||||||
85 | António Maria da Silva (2nd time) (1872–1950) |
7 February 1922 |
15 November 1923 |
Democratic | 35th, 36th, 37th | ||
1922 | |||||||
86 | António Ginestal Machado (1874–1940) |
15 November 1923 |
18 December 1923 |
Nationalist Republican | 38th | Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1923–1925) | |
— | |||||||
10 December 1923 failed coup; Resigned due to the fallout. | |||||||
87 | Álvaro Xavier de Castro (2nd time) (1878–1928) |
18 December 1923 |
7 July 1924 |
Nationalist Republican (with the Democratics) |
39th | ||
— | |||||||
Conflict between the government and the military aviation; Fights in a duel one of the members of the military aviation revolt; Resigns shortly after. | |||||||
88 | Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar (1865–1938) |
7 July 1924 |
22 November 1924 |
Democratic | 40th | ||
— | |||||||
89 | José Domingues dos Santos (1885–1958) |
22 November 1924 |
15 February 1925 |
Democratic Leftwing Republican | 41st | ||
— | |||||||
Resigned after a motion of censorship in Parliament was approved. | |||||||
90 | Vitorino Máximo de Carvalho Guimarães (1876–1957) |
15 February 1925 |
1 July 1925 |
Democratic | 42nd | ||
— | |||||||
91 | António Maria da Silva (3rd time) (1872–1950) |
1 July 1925 |
1 August 1925 |
Democratic | 43rd | ||
— | |||||||
Held office for just 30 days. | |||||||
92 | Domingos Leite Pereira (3rd time) (1882–1956) |
1 August 1925 |
18 December 1925 |
Democratic | 44th | ||
— | |||||||
Portuguese Bank Note Crisis, also known as the "Alves dos Reis scandal". | |||||||
93 | António Maria da Silva (4th time) (1872–1950) |
18 December 1925 |
30 May 1926 |
Democratic | 45th | Bernardino Machado (1925–1926) | |
1925 | |||||||
28 May 1926 coup d'état; Fall of the First Republic. |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Political party | Government | President (Mandate) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ditadura Nacional – Military Dictatorship (1926–1932) | |||||||
94 | José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior (1883–1965) |
30 May 1926 |
19 June 1926 |
None | 1st Dict. | José Mendes Cabeçadas (1926) | |
— | |||||||
28 May 1926 coup d'état; Forced to resign. | |||||||
95 | Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa (1863–1929) |
19 June 1926 |
9 July 1926 |
None | 2nd Dict. | Manuel Gomes da Costa (1926) | |
— | |||||||
9 July 1926 Counter-revolution; Forced to resign and sent to exile in the Azores. | |||||||
96 | António Óscar Fragoso Carmona (1869–1951) |
9 July 1926 |
18 April 1928 |
None | 3rd Dict. | António Óscar Carmona (1926–1951) | |
— | |||||||
February 1927 Revolt; Nomination of António de Oliveira Salazar as Finance Minister; Strong austerity and fiscal consolidation. | |||||||
97 | José Vicente de Freitas (1869–1952) |
18 April 1928 |
8 July 1929 |
None | 4th Dict. 5th Dict. | ||
— | |||||||
Resigned due to internal government disagreements over separation of church and state. | |||||||
98 | Artur Ivens Ferraz (1870–1933) |
8 July 1929 |
21 January 1930 |
None | 6th Dict. | ||
— | |||||||
Resigned due to disagreements with Salazar over the future of the regime. | |||||||
99 | Domingos Augusto Alves da Costa e Oliveira (1873–1957) |
21 January 1930 |
5 July 1932 |
National Union | 7th Dict. | ||
— | |||||||
1931 Madeira uprising; 26 August 1931 Revolt. | |||||||
Estado Novo – New State (1932–1974) | |||||||
100 | António de Oliveira Salazar (1889–1970) |
5 July 1932 |
25 September 1968 |
National Union | 8th Dict. 9th Dict. 10th Dict. | ||
Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1951–1958) | |||||||
Longest-serving prime minister in Portuguese history; Formation of the Estado Novo; Portuguese Constitution of 1933; Strong economic and fiscal stabilization; Spanish Civil War; 1936 Naval Revolt; Concordat of 1940 between Portugal and the Holy See; Portugal neutrality during World War II; Marshall Plan; Repression of civil liberties and political freedoms; co-founder of United Nations, NATO, OCDE and EFTA; 1958 Presidential election fallout; 1960s Economic expansion; loss of Portuguese India; 1961 "Abrilada" attempted coup; Portuguese Colonial War; 1962 Academic Crisis; 1967 Lisbon floods; Replaced after suffering a brain hemorrhage. | Américo Tomás (1958–1974) | ||||||
101 | Marcello José das Neves Alves Caetano (1906–1980) |
25 September 1968 |
25 April 1974 |
National Union from 1970 People's National Action |
11th Dict. | ||
1969, 1973 | |||||||
Marceloist Spring of 1968–70; 1969 Portugal earthquake; Economic expansion (until 1973), Portuguese Colonial War; 1973 oil crisis; Attempted March 1974 coup "Caldas Resurgence"; Carnation Revolution; Flown under custody to Madeira and, later, went into exile to Brazil; |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Political party | Government | President (Mandate) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Provisional Governments of the Revolutionary Period (1974–1976) | |||||||
— | National Salvation Junta composed of: António de Spínola, Francisco da Costa Gomes Jaime Silvério Marques, Diogo Neto, Carlos Galvão de Melo José Baptista Pinheiro de Azevedo, António Alva Rosa Coutinho |
25 April 1974 |
16 May 1974 |
None | — | António de Spínola (1974) | |
— | |||||||
Military junta designated to maintain government following the Carnation Revolution. | |||||||
102 | Adelino da Palma Carlos (1905–1992) |
16 May 1974 |
18 July 1974 |
Independent | Prov. I | ||
— | |||||||
Lawyer, opponent of the Estado Novo, appointed by Presidential nomination; Led a broad-based cabinet; Resigned due to disagreements with the electoral calendar. | |||||||
103 | Vasco dos Santos Gonçalves (1921–2005) |
18 July 1974 |
19 September 1975 |
Independent | Prov. II | ||
Prov. III | |||||||
Prov. IV | Francisco da Costa Gomes (1974–1976) | ||||||
Prov. V | |||||||
1975 Cst. | |||||||
Army colonel; Beginning of the decolonization of the Portuguese colonies in Africa; Nationalization of banks and insurance companies after the events of 11 March 1975; Land reform; Introduction of a minimum wage; PREC; Dismissed by President Costa Gomes. | |||||||
104 | José Baptista Pinheiro de Azevedo (1917–1983) |
19 September 1975 |
23 June 1976 |
Independent | Prov. VI | ||
— | |||||||
Admiral; Signature of the declaration of independence of Angola and official end of the Portuguese Colonial War; November 1975 Parliament siege; Coup of 25 November 1975; Approval of the new Constitution. | |||||||
— | Vasco Fernando Leotte de Almeida e Costa (1932–2010) interim[1] |
23 June 1976 |
23 July 1976 |
Independent | (Prov. VI) | ||
— | |||||||
Minister of Internal Administration under Pinheiro de Azevedo; Becomes interim Prime Minister when Azevedo suffered a heart attack. | |||||||
Prime Ministers heading Constitutional Governments (1976–present[update]) | |||||||
105 | Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares (1924–2017) |
23 July 1976 |
28 August 1978 |
Socialist | I[Min.] | António Ramalho Eanes (1976–1986) | |
II[a] | |||||||
1976 | |||||||
First democratically appointed prime minister; 1976-1978 economic crisis; International Monetary Fund loan; Submission of the candidacy of Portugal to the EEC; Resigned after disagreements with CDS. | |||||||
106 | Alfredo Jorge Nobre da Costa (1923–1996) |
28 August 1978 |
22 November 1978 |
Independent | III | ||
— | |||||||
Appointed by Presidential nomination. Resigned after his cabinet failed to gain Parliamentary support. | |||||||
107 | Carlos Alberto da Mota Pinto (1936–1985) |
22 November 1978 |
1 August 1979 |
Independent | IV | ||
— | |||||||
Appointed by Presidential nomination; Resigned after failure to pass policies in Parliament. | |||||||
108 | Maria de Lourdes Ruivo da Silva de Matos Pintasilgo (1930–2004) |
1 August 1979 |
3 January 1980 |
Independent | V | ||
— | |||||||
Appointed by Presidential nomination. First and only female Prime Minister of Portugal; Foundation of the NHS (National Health Service). | |||||||
109 | Francisco Manuel Lumbrales de Sá Carneiro (1934–1980) |
3 January 1980 |
4 December 1980 (died) |
Social Democratic | VI[b] | ||
1979, 1980 | |||||||
First centre-right prime minister since the Revolution; 1980 Azores Islands earthquake; Died in a plane crash. The accident triggered a number of conspiracy theories. | |||||||
— | Diogo Pinto de Freitas do Amaral (1941–2019) interim |
4 December 1980 |
9 January 1981 |
Democratic and Social Centre | (VI)[b] | ||
— | |||||||
Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister under Francisco Sá Carneiro; interim Prime Minister upon Sá Carneiro's death. | |||||||
110 | Francisco José Pereira Pinto Balsemão (1937–) |
9 January 1981 |
9 June 1983 |
Social Democratic | VII[b] | ||
VIII[b] | |||||||
— | |||||||
1982 constitutional revision; Abolition of the Council of the Revolution; Creation of the Constitutional Court; First general strike in democracy; Resigned after a poor result in the 1982 local elections. | |||||||
111 | Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares (1924–2017) (2nd time) |
9 June 1983 |
6 November 1985 |
Socialist | IX[c] | ||
1983 | |||||||
Central Bloc (PS/PSD) coalition; Portugal's entry to the EEC; Dona Branca scandal; 1983-1985 economic crisis; International Monetary Fund loan; Moimenta-Alcafache train crash; Resigned after the Central Bloc coalition split. | |||||||
112 | Aníbal António Cavaco Silva (1939–) |
6 November 1985 |
28 October 1995 |
Social Democratic | X[Min.] | ||
XI | Mário Soares (1986–1996) | ||||||
XII | |||||||
1985, 1987, 1991 | |||||||
Longest serving prime minister in democracy and 3rd longest in Portuguese history; economic expansion; privatization of many previously government-owned industries; First time a single party won an absolute majority since the revolution; Chiado 1988 fire; 1989 and 1992 constitutional revisions; "Secos e molhados" police protests; Signing of the Maastricht Treaty; End of the Cold War; Bicesse Accords; Gulf War; 1992 Portuguese Presidency of the Council of the European Union; Legalization of private TV channels; Early 1990s recession; Riots against tolls on 25 April Bridge. | |||||||
113 | António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres (1949–) |
28 October 1995 |
6 April 2002 |
Socialist | XIII[Min.] | ||
XIV[Min.] | Jorge Sampaio (1996–2006) | ||||||
1995, 1999 | |||||||
Economic expansion; Expo 98; 1998 Abortion and Regionalisation referendums; 1998 Azores Islands earthquake; Macau handover; East Timor issue; 1997 and 2001 constitutional revisions; 2000 Portuguese Presidency of the Council of the European Union; Hintze Ribeiro Bridge disaster; Decriminalization of drug use; Portugal joins the European single currency; Resigned after a disastrous result in the 2001 local elections. | |||||||
114 | José Manuel Durão Barroso (1956–) |
6 April 2002 |
17 July 2004 |
Social Democratic | XV[d] | ||
2002 | |||||||
Prestige disaster; 2003 Portuguese wildfires; Casa Pia child sexual abuse scandal; Iraq War; UEFA Euro 2004; 2004 constitutional revision; Resigned to become President of the European Commission. | |||||||
115 | Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes (1956–) |
17 July 2004 |
12 March 2005 |
Social Democratic | XVI[e] | ||
— | |||||||
Mayor of Lisbon (2002–2004, 2005). Replaced José Manuel Barroso as Prime Minister; Resigned due to the dissolution of Parliament by the President. | |||||||
116 | José Sócrates de Carvalho Pinto de Sousa (1957–) |
12 March 2005 |
21 June 2011 |
Socialist | XVII | ||
XVIII[Min.] | Aníbal Cavaco Silva (2006–2016) | ||||||
2005, 2009 | |||||||
First time the Socialist Party won an absolute majority; 2005 constitutional revision; 2005 Portuguese wildfires; 2007 Abortion referendum; 2007 Portuguese Presidency of the Council of the European Union; Treaty of Lisbon; Independente affair; Face Oculta scandal; Nationalization of BPN; Same-sex marriage legislation; 2011 Portuguese protests; 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis; Resigned after failure to pass austerity measures in Parliament. | |||||||
117 | Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho (1964–) |
21 June 2011 |
26 November 2015 |
Social Democratic | XIX[f] | ||
XX[Min.][g] | |||||||
2011, 2015 | |||||||
2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis; 2011 Portuguese IMF/ECB bailout; Secret Services and Ongoing espionage scandal; 15 September 2012 mass protests; European Fiscal Union approval; 2013 governmental crisis and reshuffle; 2014 Banco Espírito Santo bankruptcy and money laundering scandal; Arrest of former Prime Minister José Sócrates; Won the 2015 election but lost his majority; Defeated in a vote of no confidence and removed from office. | |||||||
118 | António Luís Santos da Costa (1961–) |
26 November 2015 |
2 April 2024 |
Socialist | XXI[Min.] | ||
XXII[Min.] | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (2016–present) | ||||||
XXIII | |||||||
2019, 2022 | |||||||
First Prime Minister from the second largest party in the elections; Formed a parliamentary agreement with BE, PCP and PEV; June 2017 Portugal wildfires; Tancos arms theft scandal; October 2017 Iberian wildfires; COVID-19 pandemic; 2020 stock market crash and subsequent recession; 2021 Portuguese Presidency of the Council of the European Union; 2021–2023 inflation surge; Resigned following the Operation Influencer corruption investigation. | |||||||
119 | Luís Filipe Montenegro Cardoso de Morais Esteves (1973–) |
2 April 2024 |
Incumbent | Social Democratic | XXIV[Min.][h] | ||
2024 | |||||||
Minority government led by the Democratic Alliance coalition; 2024 Portugal wildfires; 2024 Greater Lisbon riots. |