List of ecoregions in Europe

The continent of Europe comprises a large part of the Palearctic ecozone, with many unique biomes and ecoregions. Biogeographically, Europe is tied closely to Siberia, commonly known as the Euro-Siberian region.

EEA's DMEER

The European Environmental Agency (EEA) divides Europe into a total of eleven terrestrial biogeographical regions and seven regional seas.^[1] The agency has issued the Digital Map of European Ecological Regions (DMEER), and operates with a total of 70 ecoregions, of which 58 are within the European continent. Some of these ecoregions are congruent with the World Wildlife Fund's (WWF) ecoregions, and some are not.^[2][3]

List of ecoregions in Europe

Below is an exhaustive list of the ecoregions of Europe as defined by the WWF.

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

WWF ID	Ecoregion (WWF)	Country	Map	Photo
PA0401	Apennine deciduous montane forests [Note 1]	Italy
PA0402	Atlantic mixed forests	Belgium, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Germany
PA0403	Azores temperate mixed forests	Portugal
PA0404	Balkan mixed forests	Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey
PA0405	Baltic mixed forests[Note 2]	Denmark, Germany, Poland, Sweden
PA0406	Cantabrian mixed forests	Spain, France, Portugal
PA0408	Caucasus mixed forests [Note 3]	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, and Turkey
PA0409	Celtic broadleaf forests	Ireland, United Kingdom
PA0412	Central European mixed forests	Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine
PA0416	Crimean Submediterranean forest complex[Note 1]	Russia, Ukraine
PA0418	Dinaric Mountains mixed forests[Note 1]	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia
PA0419	East European forest steppe	Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine, Russia
PA0421	English Lowlands beech forests	United Kingdom
PA0422	Euxine-Colchic broadleaf forests[Note 3]	Bulgaria, Georgia, Turkey
PA0429	North Atlantic moist mixed forests	Ireland, United Kingdom (Northern Ireland and Scotland), Denmark (Faroe Islands)
PA0431	Pannonian mixed forests	Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine
PA0432	Po Basin mixed forests	Italy, Switzerland
PA0433	Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests[Note 1]	Andorra, France, Spain
PA0435	Rodope montane mixed forests[Note 3]	Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia
PA0436	Sarmatic mixed forests	Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Russia, Sweden
PA0445	Western European broadleaf forests	Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Luxembourg. Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland

Temperate coniferous forests

WWF ID	Ecoregion (WWF)	Country	Map	Photo
PA0501	Alps conifer and mixed forests[Note 1]	Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Slovenia
PA0503	Caledonian conifer Forest	United Kingdom
PA0504	Carpathian montane conifer forests[Note 1]	Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine
PA0520	Scandinavian coastal conifer forests	Norway

Taiga and Boreal forests

WWF ID	Ecoregion (WWF)	Country	Map	Photo
PA0602	Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra	Iceland
PA0608	Scandinavian and Russian taiga	Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia
PA0610	Ural montane forests and tundra	Russia

Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

WWF ID	Ecoregion (WWF)	Country	Map	Photo
PA0807	Faroe Islands boreal grasslands	Faroe Islands, Denmark
PA0814	Pontic steppe	Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia

Tundra

WWF ID	Ecoregion (WWF)	Country	Map	Photo
PA1101	Arctic desert	Norway and Russia
PA1106	Kola Peninsula tundra	Norway and Russia
PA1108	Northwest Russian-Novaya Zemlya tundra	Russia
PA1110	Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands	Norway, Sweden, and Finland

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

WWF ID	Ecoregion (WWF)	Country	Map	Photo
PA1201	Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests	Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Turkey
PA1204	Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests	France
PA1205	Crete Mediterranean forests	Greece
PA1208	Iberian conifer forests	Spain
PA1209	Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests	Spain, Portugal
PA1210	Illyrian deciduous forests	Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Slovenia
PA1211	Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests	Italy
PA1215	Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests	France, Spain
PA1216	Northwest Iberian montane forests	Portugal, Spain
PA1217	Pindus Mountains mixed forests	Greece, North Macedonia, and Albania
PA1218	South Apennine mixed montane forests	Italy
PA1219	Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands	Spain
PA1221	Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests	Portugal, Spain
PA1222	Tyrrhenian–Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests	Italy, France and Malta

Deserts and Xeric Shrublands

WWF ID	Ecoregion (WWF)	Country	Map	Photo
PA1308	Caspian lowland desert	Russia and Kazachstan

1. Ecoregions in the WWF's Global 200 composite ecoregion European-Mediterranean montane mixed forest include:
   6 Temperate coniferous forests:

   • Apennine deciduous montane forests (Austria, France, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland)
   • Crimean Submediterranean forest complex (Russia, Ukraine)
   • Dinaric Mountains mixed forests (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia)
   • North African Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia)
   • Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests (France, Spain)
   • Rodope montane mixed forests (Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia)

   and 2 Temperate coniferous forests:

   • Alps conifer and mixed forests (Austria, France, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland)
   • Carpathian montane conifer forests (Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine)
2. Baltic mixed forests include Natural beech wood
3. Ecoregions in the WWF's Global 200 composite ecoregion Caucasus-Anatolian-Hyrcanian temperate forests include:
   4 Temperate coniferous forests:

   • Caucasus mixed forests (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Georgia, Russia, Turkey)
   • Elburz Range forest steppe (Iran)
   • Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests (Turkey)

   2 Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests:

   • Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests (Azerbaijan, Iran)
   • Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests (Bulgaria, Georgia, Turkey)

   and 1 Montane grasslands and shrublands:

   • Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe (Iran, Turkmenistan)

Global 200 ecoregions in Europe

Main article: Global 200

Terrestrial

Terrestrial Global 200 ecoregions in Europe comprise three regions of Scandia alpine tundra and taiga, which is present in Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden:

• PA0608 Scandinavian and Russian taiga
• PA1106 Kola Peninsula tundra
• PA1110 Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands

Other Global 200 ecoregions:

• PA1214 Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

Freshwater

Global 200 Large river delta ecoregions in Europe:

• Volga River Delta (Kazakhstan, Russia)
• Danube delta (Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine, Yugoslavia)

Small river ecoregions:

• Balkan rivers and streams (Albania, Bosnia and Herzogovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Turkey, Yugoslavia)

Marine

There are no marine Global 200 ecoregions in Europe.

Sources

• "World Wildlife Fund".
• "Global 200". WWF.