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List of monarchs of Vietnam
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This article lists the monarchs of Vietnam. Under the emperor at home, king abroad system used by later dynasties, Vietnamese monarchs would use the title of emperor (皇帝, Hoàng đế; or other equivalents) domestically, and the more common term sovereign (𤤰, Vua), king (王, Vương), or his/her (Imperial) Majesty (陛下, Bệ hạ) elsewhere.[1][2]
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Overview
Some Vietnamese monarchs declared themselves rulers (vua), kings (vương), or emperors (hoàng đế).[1][2] Imperial titles were used for both domestic and foreign affairs, except for diplomatic missions to China where Vietnamese monarchs were regarded as kingship or prince. Many of the Later Lê monarchs were figurehead rulers, with the real powers resting on feudal lords and princes who were technically their servants. Most Vietnamese monarchs are known through their posthumous names or temple names, while the Nguyễn dynasty, the last reigning house is known through their era names.
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Titles
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Vua
The general Vietnamese term for "ruler" was vua (𪼀). There is no Chinese character for this term and it only exists in its written form as a chữ Nôm character. The word vua originates from Proto-Vietic and means "father; chief; man". Vua contains connotations of rulership as well as familial kinship, combining the meaning of the Chinese originated word for "king" (vương) with "pater familias" (bó). Some emperors such as Lê Lợi (1428–1433) and Lê Thánh Tông (1460–1497) preferred being called vua while they were still living. During the Lê dynasty (1428–1789), the Chinese style title for "emperor" (hoàng đế) was mostly used during the ceremony in which the posthumous imperial name was bestowed upon the deceased emperor. As a vua, the Viet ruler was expected to be more hands on with their governance than their Chinese counterpart, and Viet peasants were more inclined to blame him directly for their misfortunes than in China. However the role of vua as a more intimate and native term has been questioned by Liam C. Kelley, who suggests that the difference between vương and vua may simply be the result of a modern political argument seeking to demonstrate that Vietnam was Southeast Asian rather than Chinese.[3][1]
Vua was not used exclusively to the exclusion of other titles or applied only to Viet rulers. The Lao king Anouvong was referred to as both quoc vuong (Ch. guowang; king of a state) as well as vua. Nha vua, meaning "house head" or "monarch", was a common appellation for the Viet emperor and was also used for Anouvong. The king of Siam, Rama III, was called vua as well as Phat vuong (Buddha king).[4]
The title used by Phùng Hưng (? – 789/791), 布蓋大王, may have been an early representation of vua. The latter two characters, 大王, mean "great king" in Chinese. However the first two characters bùgài (布蓋) do not mean anything coherent in Chinese. They have been translated into the Vietnamese expressions bo cái or vua cái. Bo cái dai vuong means "the Great King who is Father and Mother to his people" whereas vua cái dai vuong would simply be "great king" repeated twice, first in Vietnamese and then in Chinese.[5] It was transcribed in the 15th-century Buddhist scripture Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh as sībù (司布); in Middle Vietnamese (16th–17th centuries) as ꞗua or bua;[6] becoming vua in Early Modern Vietnamese (18-19th centuries) such as recorded by Alexis-Marie de Rochon's A Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies.[7]
Hoàng đế
Hoàng đế (皇帝), meaning "emperor", is a Sino-Vietnamese title borrowed from Chinese (huangdi). Like Chinese emperors, Viet rulers used the title hoàng đế and thiên tử (天子), meaning "son of heaven". The poem Nam quốc sơn hà by Lý Thường Kiệt (1019–1105) contains a line calling the Viet ruler nam đế (emperor of the south).[8]
Minh Mạng was thrice referred to as dai hoang de ("great emperor"). Minh Mạng referred to himself as dai nam quoc dai hoang de (great emperor of the great southern land) and insisted that he be addressed by foreign courts as Duc Hoang De (virtuous emperor) rather than vuong. This was likely due to his ideological leanings and predilection for Sinic culture. He also insisted that other countries use Chinese in official communications. These demands great offended other courts, especially Rama III.[9]
The mother of the crown prince was called hoang thai hoa (Great Empress).[10]
Vương
While Viet rulers were called vua or hoàng đế on most occasions, they were referred to as vương (王), a Sino-Vietnamese title for "king", in official communications with Chinese dynasties. Almost all Viet rulers adopted some sort of tributary relationship with the imperial dynasties of China. The relationship was symbolic and had no effect on Vietnam's management. However, the Viet ruler would style themselves as "king" (vương) when communicating with China's rulers while using hoàng đế to address their own subjects or other Southeast Asian rulers. Even during the Nguyễn dynasty when Viet rulers such as Minh Mạng referred to themselves as emperors especially towards other Southeast Asian courts, Viet embassies to China presented their ruler as the "king of the state of Vietnam". Internally, the Nguyễn saw their relationship with the Qing dynasty as that of equal countries.[11][12]
In 1710, Nguyễn Phúc Chu was called Dai Viet quoc vuong (king of the great Viet state). In 1834, Minh Mạng called the Cambodian king phien vuong (barbarian king).[13]
Chúa
Chúa (主), meaning prince, governor, lord, or warlord, was a title that was applied to the Trịnh lords and Nguyễn lords.[6]
Phật
Buddhism exerted influence on a number of Vietnamese royal titles, such as when the late 12th-century devout Buddhist king Lý Cao Tông (r. 1176–1210) demanded his courtiers to refer him as phật (Buddha).[14] His great-grandfather and predecessor Lý Nhân Tông (r. 1072–1127), a great patronizer of the Buddhist sangha, in his stelae inscription erected in 1121, compared himself and his accomplishments with ancient rulers of the Indian subcontinent near the time of Gautama Buddha, particularly king Udayana and emperor Aśoka.[15]
Cham titles
Cham rulers of the former kingdom of Champa in present-day Central and Southern Vietnam used many titles, mostly derived from Hindu Sanskrit titles. There were prefix titles, among them, Jaya and Śrī, which Śrī (His glorious, His Majesty) was used more commonly before each ruler's name, and sometimes Śrī and Jaya were combined into Śrī Jaya[monarch name]. Royal titles were used to indicate the power and prestige of rulers: raja-di-raja (king of kings), maharajadhiraja (great king of kings), arddharaja (vice king/junior king).[16] After the fall of Vijaya Champa and the Simhavarmanid dynasty in 1471, all Sanskrit titles disappeared from Cham records, due to southern Panduranga rulers styled themselves as Po (native Cham title, which also means "King, His Majesty, Her Majesty"), and Islam gradually replaced Hinduism in post-1471 Champa.
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Ancient period
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Hồng Bàng period
According to tradition there were eighteen of the Hùng kings of the Hồng Bàng period, known then as Văn Lang at that time, from around 2879 BC to around 258 BC. Following is the list of 18 lines of Hùng kings as recorded in the book Việt Nam sử lược by Trần Trọng Kim.[17]
Thục dynasty (257–207 BC)
Triệu dynasty (204–111 BC)
There is still a debate about the status of the Triệu dynasty (Zhao dynasty): traditional Vietnamese historians considered the Triệu dynasty as a local Vietnamese dynasty while modern Vietnamese historians typically consider the Triệu dynasty as a Chinese dynasty.[18]
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1st, 2nd, 3rd Chinese domination period (111 BC - 939 AD)
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| Trưng Sisters | Lady Triệu | Mai Hắc Đế | |||||||||||||
| Triệu dynasty | Early Lý dynasty | Phùng Hưng | Autonomy | Independent time | |||||||||||
| 111 BCE | 40 | 43 | 246 | 249 | 544 | 602 | 722 | 766 | 789 | 906 | 938 | ||||
Trưng Sisters (40–43)
Mai rebellions (713–723)
Phùng rebellions (766–791)
Early Lý dynasty (544–602)
| Early Lý dynasty (544–602) | ||||
| 111 BC | 544 | 602 | 938 | |
Đào Lang Vương is not officially considered as emperor of Early Lý dynasty as he was a self-claimed emperor.
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Autonomous period (866–938) & Independent period (938–1407)
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| Ming domination | Nam–Bắc triều * Bắc Hà–Nam Hà | French Indochina | ||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese domination | Ngô | Đinh | Early Lê | Lý | Trần | Hồ | Later Trần | Lê | Mạc | Revival Lê | Tây Sơn | Nguyễn | Modern time | |||||||
| Trịnh lords | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Nguyễn lords | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 939 | 1009 | 1225 | 1400 | 1427 | 1527 | 1592 | 1788 | 1858 | 1945 | |||||||||||
Tĩnh Hải quân (866–938)
| Khúc Family (905–938) | |||
| 111 BC | 905 | 938 | |
At this time, the Khúc leaders still held the title of Jiedushi, hence they are not official kings of Vietnam.
Ngô dynasty (939–965)
| Ngô dynasty (939–965) | |||
| 939 | 965 | 1945 | |
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Interregnum (965-968)
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Warring states period
The throne of Ngô dynasty was upsurged by Dương Tam Kha, the brother-in-law of Ngô Quyền and this led to anger among those who were loyal to Ngô dynasty. The local warlords decided to make the rebellions to claim the throne.
| Anarchy of the 12 Warlords (965–968) | |||
| 965 | 968 | 1945 | |
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State of Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054) & State of Đại Việt (1054–1400, 1427–1804)
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Đinh dynasty (968–980)
| Đinh dynasty (968–980) | ||||
| 939 | 968 | 980 | 1945 | |
Early Lê dynasty (980–1009)
| Early Lê dynasty (980–1009) | ||||
| 939 | 980 | 1009 | 1945 | |
Later Lý dynasty (1009–1225)
| Later Lý dynasty (1009–1225) | ||||
| 939 | 1010 | 1225 | 1945 | |
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Trần dynasty (1225–1400)
| Trần dynasty (1225–1400) | ||||
| 939 | 1225 | 1400 | 1945 | |
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State of Đại Ngu (1400–1407)
Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)
| Hồ dynasty (1400–1407) | ||||
| 939 | 1400 | 1407 | 1945 | |
Fourth Chinese domination period (1407–1428)
Later Trần dynasty (1407–1414)
| Later Trần dynasty (1407–1414) | ||||
| 939 | 1407 | 1413 | 1945 | |
Second independent period (1428–1802)
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Later Lê dynasty – Early period (1428–1527)
| Later Lê dynasty – Early period (1428–1527) | ||||
| 939 | 1428 | 1527 | 1945 | |
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Northern and Southern dynasty (1533–1592)
Northern dynasty – Mạc dynasty (1527–1592)
| Mạc dynasty (1527–1592) | ||||
| 939 | 1527 | 1592 | 1945 | |
Southern dynasty – Revival Lê dynasty – Warlord period (1533–1789)
| Later Lê dynasty – Warlord period (1533–1788) | ||||
| 939 | 1533 | 1789 | 1945 | |
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Tonkin – Trịnh lords (1545–1787)
| Trịnh Lords (1545–1787) | ||||
| 939 | 1545 | 1787 | 1945 | |
Trịnh Kiểm never declared himself as Lord during his rule, his titles were posthumously given by his descendants. Hence he is not considered as an official Trịnh Lord.
Cochinchina – Nguyễn lords (1558–1777)
| Nguyễn Lords (1558–1777) | ||||
| 939 | 1558 | 1802 | 1945 | |
Nguyễn Phúc Dương was established by Tây Sơn leaders (Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Lữ) as a puppet Nguyễn Lord for their political purpose during Tây Sơn uprising. Hence he is sometimes not considered as an official Nguyễn lord.
Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802)
| Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802) | ||||
| 939 | 1778 | 1802 | 1945 | |
Nguyễn Nhạc dropped his emperor title in 1788 after his younger brother – Nguyễn Huệ – declared himself as Emperor.
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Empire of Dai Nam (1802–1883), Annam and Tonkin Protectorates (1883–1945), and Empire of Vietnam (1945)
Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945)
| Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945) | |||
| 939 | 1802 | 1945 | |
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Non-Vietnamese nations
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Champa (192–1832)
Funan (68–550)
Chenla (550–802)
Ngưu Hống (11th century – 1433)
See also
References
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