Lovebird

For other uses, see Lovebird (disambiguation).

Lovebird is the common name for the genus Agapornis, a small group of parrots in the Old World parrot family Psittaculidae. Of the nine species in the genus, all are native to the African continent, with the grey-headed lovebird being native to the African island of Madagascar. Social and affectionate, the name comes from the parrots' strong, monogamous pair bonding and the long periods which paired birds spend sitting together. Lovebirds live in small flocks and eat fruit, vegetables, grasses, and seeds. Some species are kept as pets, and several coloured mutations have been selectively bred in aviculture. The average lifespan is 10 to 12 years.^[1]

Lovebird
A feral rosy-faced lovebird eating seeds in Chicago
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittaculidae
Subfamily:	Agapornithinae
Genus:	Agapornis Selby, 1836
Type species
Psittacus swindernianus (black-collared lovebird) Kuhl, 1820
Species
Nine - see text

Description

Green- and blue-series peach-faced lovebirds:
two parents (left, center-right) with their two recently fledged chicks (center-left, right)

Lovebirds are 13–17 cm (5–7 in) in length, up to 24 cm in wingspan with 9 cm for a single wing and 40–60 g (1+1⁄2–2 oz) in weight. They are among the smallest parrots, characterised by a stocky build, a short blunt tail, and a relatively large, sharp beak. Wildtype lovebirds are mostly green with a variety of colours on their upper body, depending on the species. The Fischer's lovebird, black-cheeked lovebird, and the masked lovebird have a prominent white ring around their eyes. Many colour mutant varieties have been produced by selective breeding of the species that are popular in aviculture.^{[citation needed]} As of 2019^[update], there are 30 known plumage colour variations among lovebirds, which are caused by pigments called psittacofulvins.^[2][3]

Taxonomy

The genus Agapornis was described by the English naturalist Prideaux John Selby in 1836.^[4] The name combines the Ancient Greek αγάπη agape meaning "love" and όρνις ornis meaning "bird".^[5] The type species is the black-collared lovebird (Agapornis swindernianus),^[6] which was originally placed into the genus Psittacus within a section called Psittacula by naturalist Heinrich Kuhl.^[4] Selby contended that this placement rather than a separate genus was "artificial" and done "without regard to the structure, habits, or distribution of the species."^[4]

The genus contains nine species of which five are monotypic and four are divided into subspecies. They are native to mainland Africa and the island of Madagascar. In the wild, the different species are separated geographically.^[7]

Traditionally, lovebirds are divided into three groups:

• the sexually dimorphic species: Madagascar, Abyssinian, and red-headed lovebird
• the intermediate species: peach-faced lovebird
• the white-eye-ringed species: masked, Fischer's, Lilian's, and black-cheeked lovebirds

However, this division is not fully supported by phylogenetic studies, as the species of the dimorphic group are not grouped together in a single clade.

Species

Species and subspecies:^[8]

Genus Agapornis – Selby, 1836^[9] – nine species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Rosy-faced lovebird or peach-faced lovebird	Agapornis roseicollis (Vieillot, 1818) Two subspecies Agapornis roseicollis catumbella, B.P. Hall, 1952 Agapornis roseicollis roseicollis, (Vieillot 1818)	Southwest Africa	Size: 17–18 cm (6.5–7 in) long. Green and pink. Has blue rump feathers. Habitat: Diet:	LC
Yellow-collared lovebird or masked lovebird	Agapornis personatus Reichenow, 1887	Northeast Tanzania	Size: 14 cm (5.5 in) long. Yellow and green. Has blue tail feathers. Habitat: Diet:	LC
Fischer's lovebird	Agapornis fischeri Reichenow, 1887	South and southeast of Lake Victoria in northern Tanzania	Size: 14 cm (5.5 in) long. Mostly green, orange upper body and head, blue lower back and rump, red beak, white eyerings. Habitat: Diet:	NT
Lilian's lovebird or Nyasa lovebird	Agapornis lilianae (Shelley, 1894)	Malawi	Size: 13 cm (5 in) long. Mostly green including green back and green rump, orange head, red beak, white eyerings. Habitat: Diet:	NT
Black-cheeked lovebird	Agapornis nigrigenis W.L. Sclater, 1906	Zambia	Size: 14 cm (5.5 in) long. Mostly green, brownish-black cheeks and throat, reddish-brown forehead and forecrown, orange upper chest, red beak, white eyerings. Habitat: Diet:	VU
Grey-headed lovebird or Madagascar lovebird	Agapornis canus (Gmelin, 1788) Two subspecies Agapornis canus ablectaneus, Bangs, 1918 Agapornis canus canus, (Gmelin, 1788)	Madagascar	Size: 13 cm (5 in) long. Mostly green with darker green on back, pale grey beak. Sexual dimorphism: male has a grey upper body, neck and head. Habitat: Diet:	LC
Black-winged lovebird or Abyssinian lovebird	Agapornis taranta (Stanley, 1814)	Southern Eritrea to southwestern Ethiopia	Size: 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long. Mostly green, red beak, some black wing feathers. Sexual dimorphism: only the male has red on forehead and crown, female's plumage is all green. Habitat: Diet:	LC
Red-headed lovebird or red-faced lovebird	Agapornis pullarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Two subspecies Agapornis pullarius pullarius, (Linnaeus, 1758) Agapornis pullarius ugandae, Neumann, 1908	Large part of central Africa	Size: 15 cm (6 in) long. Mostly green with red on upper neck and face. Sexual dimorphism: the male has more extensive and a darker red on face and head, and the male has a darker red beak than the female. Habitat: Diet:	LC
Black-collared lovebird or Swindern's lovebird	Agapornis swindernianus (Kuhl, 1820) Three subspecies Agapornis swindernianus emini, Neumann, 1908 Agapornis swindernianus swindernianus, (Kuhl, 1820) Agapornis swindernianus zenkeri, Reichenow, 1895	Equatorial Africa	Size: 13.5 cm (5 in) long. Mostly green, brown collar which has a black upper margin at the back of the neck, dark grey/black beak. Habitat: Diet:	LC
Long-legged lovebird	Agapornis longipes Pavia, 2024	Cradle of Humankind	Size: Habitat: Diet:	EX

Nesting

Depending on the species of lovebird, the female will carry nesting material into the nest in various ways. The peach-faced lovebird, for example, tucks nesting material in the feathers of its rump.^[10]

Feral populations

See also: Hybrid lovebird

Hybrids (Fischer's lovebird × masked lovebird) in Nairobi, Kenya.

Feral populations of Fischer's lovebirds and masked lovebirds live in cities of East Africa. There are interspecific hybrids that exist between these two species. The hybrid has a reddish-brown head and orange on upper chest, but otherwise resembles the masked lovebird.^[11]

There are two feral colonies present in the Pretoria region (Silver Lakes, Faerie Glen and Centurion) in South Africa. They probably originated from birds that escaped from aviaries. They consist mostly of masked, black cheeked, Fischer and hybrid birds and vary in colours. White (not albino) and yellow as well as blue occur in many cases. The white ringed eyes are very prominent.^[12]

Diet and health

A yellow-collared lovebird perching by the entrance to a nest box in a large aviary at the Honolulu Zoo, Hawaii, USA

Parrot species (including cockatiels) are biologically vegetarian species.^[13]

Wild lovebirds may harbor diseases such as avian polyomavirus.^[14]