East Chadic languages

The three dozen East Chadic languages of the Chadic family are spoken in Chad and Cameroon.^[1]

East Chadic
Geographic distribution	southern Chad and northern Cameroon
Linguistic classification	Afro-Asiatic Chadic East Chadic
Subdivisions	East Chadic A East Chadic B
Language codes
Glottolog	east2632
East Chadic per Newman (1977)

Speakers of various East Chadic languages are locally known as Hadjarai peoples.^[2][3] The largest East Chadic language is Nancere.^[4]

Languages

The branches of East Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format.^[5]

The East Chadic B classification follows that of Lovestrand (2012).

• East Chadic
  • East Chadic A
    • • (A.1.1) Sibine: Mire, Ndam, Somrai, Tumak, Motun, Mawer
      • (A.1.2) Miltu: Boor, Gadang, Miltu, Sarua
    • • (A.2.1) Nancere:^[6] Nancere, Kimré, Lele
      • (A.2.2) Gabri:^[6] Gabri, Kabalai, Tobanga
    • (A.3) Kwang: Kwang, Kera
  • East Chadic B^[7]
    • • (B.1.1) Dangla: Bidiyo (Bidiya), Dangaléat (Dangla), Birgit, Jonkor Bourmataguil, Mabire, Migaama, Mogum (Jegu), Toram
      • (B.1.2) Mubi: Mubi, Kajakse, Masmaje, Zirenkel (Zerenkel)
      • (B.1.3) ? Kujargé^[8]
    • (B.2) Mokilko (Mukulu, Gergiko)
    • (B.3) Sokoro: Saba, Sokoro, Tamki, Mawa, Ubi^[9]
    • (B.4) Barein (Baraïn) (including the Jalking or Jelkung dialect)

Peust (2018), however, has a somewhat different phylogenetic classification for East Chadic.^[4] The most striking change is the repositioning of Mokilko (B.2) from East Chadic B to East Chadic A, where it now constitutes the first branch to separate, followed by Lele-Nancere (A.2.1). Within East Chadic B, he treats the Mubi group (B.1.2) as the first primary branching, with all the rest forming a subgroup divided between Dangla (B.1.1) in the north and Barain plus Sokoro (B.3 and B.4) in the south.

East Chadic A is distributed primarily in Tandjilé and neighbouring regions. East Chadic B is distributed primarily in Guéra and neighbouring regions.^[10]

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:^[11]

Classification	Language	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
A, A.1	Somrai	mə́n	sə́r	súbù	wōdə̄	jì	kubì	wúrɡə́ súbù (4 + 3) ?	də̀ná sə́r (10–2)	də̀ná mə́n (10–1)	mwàtʃ
A, A.1	Tumak	mə̀n	hɛ̀	sùb	wōrī	ùsì	ùɡì	ɗáksùb	wāwār (2 x 4) ?	bìsāmə̄n (10–1) ?	kwàr
A, A.2	Gabri	pɔ̀n	wɔ̄	sùbū	pɔ́rbú	bày	jī	jūrɡú	mārɡə́	tə́nɡɛ̄sə́	mɔ̀tʃ
A, A.2, 1	Kimré	pɔn	wɔ	subu	pɔrbu	bai	dʒi	dʒurɡəm	marɡə	diŋɡɛsə	mwɔdʒ
A, A.2, 1	Lele	pínà	sò	súbà	pórìŋ	bày	ménèŋ	mátòlíŋ	juruɡù	célà	ɡoro
A, A.2, 1	Nancere	pə̀nà	sùwœ̀	sàb	pə̄rí	bày	mə̀nə̀	màtàl	pə̄rpə̄ndə̄	tʃélə̄	ɡùwàrə̀
A, A.3	Kera	mə́ná	ɓásí	sóópe	wááɗe	wííɗíw / suŋku mə́ná	kə́nə́kí	sééɗa	ásəɡə̀n	támbə̀là	mánhòr / suŋku ɓásí
A, A.3	Kwang (Kwong)	mɪn	rai	sɪpai	wuɗai	wiʔyɪm	sɪdəəŋ	bʊkʊr	kauda	bɪdaamna	rukop
B, B.1, 1	Bidiya (Bidiyo) (1)	ke	siɗi	subaŋ	paɗaŋ	beeyʼeŋ	peŋkeyʼ (5 + 1)	pisiɗaŋ (5 + 2)	porpoɗ (2 x 4)	peŋda	orro
B, B.1, 1	Bidiyo (Bidiya) (2)	keʔeŋ (masculine), kaɗya (feminine)	siɗì	subaŋ	paaɗaŋ	bèeʔeŋ	pénkeʔ (5 + 1)	píisit (5 + 2)	porpoɗ (2 x 4)	penda	ɔ̀rrɔ̀
B, B.1, 1	Dangla (Dangaléat)	ɾákkí	sɛ́ɛrɔ́	súbbà	pooɗí	bɛɛɗyì	bidyɡèɗy	pɛ̀ɛ́sírà	póɗpóɗ	parkà	ɔ̀rɔ̀kì
B, B.1, 1	Mawa (1)	pəni	ɾap	sup	paːt	bij	byaːpat (5 + 1) ?	byamat	patpat (2 x 4)	kwapinikara (10–1) ?	kwaːjan
B, B.1, 1	Mawa (2)	pənni	rap	sup	pat	bii	biaapan (5 + 1) ?	biamat	patpat (2 x 4)	kuapinikara (10–1) ?	kuayan
B, B.1, 1	Migama (1)	káƴì	séèrà	súbbà	póoɗí	béeƴá	bízɡíƴÍ	pàysárà	póppóɗí (2 x 4)	párnàkáƴÍ (10–1)	ʔórrò
B, B.1, 1	Migama (2)	káɗyì	séèrà	súbbà	póoɗí	béeɗyá	bízɡíɗyì	pàysárà	póppóɗí (2 x 4)	pârnàkáɗyì (10 -1)	ʔôrrò
B, B.1, 1	Mogum	kɛ̀ (m), kā (f)	sɛ̀	sup	poot	bey	mik	payse	porpide	barkɛt	orrok
B, B.1, 1	Ubi	piina	muɗu	suɓa	poɗa	bɛɛja	bɛɛpɛne (5 + 1)	bɛɛmuɗu (5 + 2)	porpoɗa (2 x 4)	kojpane (litː 'koj = hand')	orok
B, B.1, 2	Mubi (1)	fíní	sìr	súɓà	fádà	bíɗyà	ìstàlà	béesír	fàrbàt	férbínì	kúrúk
B, B.1, 2	Mubi (2)	fini	sir	suba	fada	bija	istala	besir	farbad [farbat]	ferbine	kuruk
B, B.1, 2	Zerenkel	pínné	siirí	sùbbà	páɗɗá	bíƴƴá	istala	bèèsiri	paarpaɗì	paarpinò	kúrúkí
B, B.2	Mukulu	sò(ò) / só(ó)	sìré	áɗó	pìɗé	páá(t)	zóó(t)	sárá(t)	ɡéssírè	ɡéssá(t)	kòòmá(t)
B, B.3	Barein	paniŋ	sidi	subu	pudu	dawsu	dasumaniŋ (5 + 1)	dasisidi (5 + 2)	dasusubu (5 + 3)	dasumpudu (5 + 4)	kur
B, B.3	Sokoro	kéttì / ker̃í	móɗù	súbà	paʔáɗà	biʔà	bépini	bémoɗù	béʃíba	bépʌɗʌ̀	ór̃kà