Nqwebasaurus

Nqwebasaurus is a probable ornithomimosaurian theropod from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa. The genus contains a single species, Nqwebasaurus thwazi, representing the oldest known coelurosaur in Africa and the evidence for basal coelurosaurian dinosaurs inhabiting Gondwana since the earliest Cretaceous period.^[1]

Nqwebasaurus Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 140 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Life restoration
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	†Ornithomimosauria
Genus:	†Nqwebasaurus de Klerk et al., 2000
Species:	†N. thwazi
Binomial name
†Nqwebasaurus thwazi de Klerk et al., 2000

History of discovery

The type specimen of Nqwebasaurus was discovered from the Kirkwood Formation of the Uitenhage Group by William J. de Klerk of the Albany Museum and Callum Ross of the Stony Brook University in July 1996 during a joint expedition. The fossil is remarkably complete and is considered an extremely rare find as no coelurosaur fossils had previously been found in Africa at this time.^[2][3] It has an unofficial nickname "Kirky", since it was found in the Kirkwood Formation.^[4]

The name Nqwebasaurus is derived from the Xhosa word Nqweba which is the local name for the Kirkwood district, and thwazi is ancient Xhosa for "fast runner".^[2][3]

Description

Size comparison

Nqwebasaurus is considered to have been a small to medium-sized coelurosaur. The type specimen is approximately 30 cm (1 ft) high and is estimated to have been 90 cm (3 ft) long, although its complete length is not known due to the caudal vertebrae of the type specimen being incomplete.^[1][2] Gregory S. Paul estimated its adult size at 1 m (3.3 ft) in length and 1 kg (2.2 lb) in body mass.^[5] In addition the type specimen is thought to be a late juvenile, although with the type specimen being the only fossil representing its species it is currently not possible to compare the fossil with another member of its species.

Nqwebasaurus has a long, three-fingered hand which includes a partially opposable thumb with a recurved claw. The claws on its hands differ in shape where the claws of the first and second digits are recurved and the third claw is not. This trait is unusual in theropod dinosaurs, however, it has been observed in some ornithomimosaurs such as Struthiomimus.^[1] Nqwebasaurus also lacks serrations on its maxillary teeth, has a reduced dentition, and contains gastroliths in its abdominal cavity. Again this is unusual trait for carnivorous theropod dinosaurs as gastroliths are more commonly found in herbivorous vertebrates and modern ostriches.^[2] Due to these morphological traits, Nqwebasaurus is thought to have been an omnivore.

As more basal theropod species, especially those on the evolutionary line to birds, had feathers it is accepted that Nqwebasaurus was likely at least partially feathered or had a feather coat for thermoregulation.

Classification

The most recent phylogenetic analyses that include Nqwebasaurus recovered it in the position as the basalmost member of Ornithomimosauria.^[1][6] However, many older studies have recovered different positions for the taxon amongst Coelurosauria, ranging from a basal member of the group, a compsognathid, or an alvarezsaurid. In combination with the rather divergent anatomy of Nqwebasaurus in comparison to other ornithomimosaurs, it is potentially uncertain what the taxon's phylogenetic affinities may be.^[7]

The cladogram below follows an analysis by Yuong-Nam Lee, Rinchen Barsbold, Philip J. Currie, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi, Hang-Jae Lee, Pascal Godefroit, François Escuillié & Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig. The analysis was published in 2014, and displays the current phylogenetic position of Nqwebasaurus.^[6]

Coelurosauria	Zuolong Tanycolagreus Tyrannoraptora Proceratosaurus Tyrannosauroidea Ornitholestes Compsognathidae Maniraptoriformes Ornithomimosauria Nqwebasaurus Pelecanimimus Shenzhousaurus Harpymimus Deinocheiridae Beishanlong Garudimimus Deinocheirus Ornithomimidae Anserimimus Gallimimus Ornithomimus Struthiomimus Maniraptora Alvarezsauroidea Therizinosauroidea Oviraptorosauria Paraves

See also

• Timeline of ornithomimosaur research