Pyrrhoderma noxium

Pyrrhoderma noxium is a species of plant pathogen. It attacks a wide range of tropical plants, and is the cause of brown root rot disease.^[1] It has been described as "an aggressive and destructive pathogen".^[2] The pathogen invades roots with contact between roots of a potential host with the substrate on which the fungus is growing.

Pyrrhoderma noxium
Fruiting bodies
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Hymenochaetales
Family:	Hymenochaetaceae
Genus:	Pyrrhoderma
Species:	P. noxium
Binomial name
Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai (2018)
Synonyms
Fomes noxius Corner, (1932) Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera, (1992) Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.Cunn., (1965)

Infection

P. noxium attacks the roots and lower trunk of trees, causing roots to rot and resulting in dieback (another term for root rot). It causes brown root rot disease, which afflicts over 200 plant species in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogen can survive in the soil and on dead plant material for more than a decade, and the primary source of infection to other plants and trees is from contact with infected root material to the healthy plant's root.^[2]

Treatment

Fungicides Calixin, Bayleton, and Nustar inhibits growth for P. noxium on agar medium, however was not ultimately found to be effective in eradicating the fungus in infested wood. A mixture of ammonia and urea, as well as just volatile ammonia in itself, was found able to kill P. noxium in infested wood. Strains of Trichoderma applied in mulch around infected P. noxium trees started to grow new roots within 6–8 weeks of application, and the mycelium of P. noxium was eradicated after 8–11 weeks of exposure.^[2]

Distribution

P. noxium has been recorded from tropical regions, as well as Japan and Australia, but has not been reported from South America.^[3]

List of countries where P. noxium is present

Continent/Country/Region[3]	Distribution	Reference	Notes
Africa
Angola	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Benin	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Burkina Faso	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Cameroon	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Central African Republic	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Gabon	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Ghana	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Kenya	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Nigeria	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Sierra Leone	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Tanzania	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Togo	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Uganda	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Asia
China	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997) Wang et al. (2016)
Hong Kong	Present	Wang et al. (2016)
India	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Assam	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Karnataka	Present	Zhang and Chee (1989)
- Kerala	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Tamil Nadu	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Tripura	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Uttar Pradesh	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Indonesia	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Java	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Sumatra	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Japan	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Bonin Islands	Present	Sahashi et al. (2015)
- Ryukyu Islands	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Malaysia	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Peninsular Malaysia	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Sabah	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Sarawak	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Myanmar	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Pakistan	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Philippines	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Singapore	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Sri Lanka	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Taiwan	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Vietnam	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
North America
Costa Rica	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Cuba	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Puerto Rico	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Oceania
American Samoa	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Australia	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- New South Wales	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Queensland	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Federated States of Micronesia	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Pohnpei	Present	Akiba et al. (2015)
Fiji	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Niue	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Northern Mariana Islands	Present	Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Papua New Guinea	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Samoa	Present	CABI and EPPO (1997)
Solomon Islands	Present	Liloqula and Johnson (1987)
Vanuatu	Present

Hosts

Host	Family	Host status	References
Acacia confusa	Fabaceae	Main	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Acacia mangium (brown salwood)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Glen et al. (2014) Mohd et al. (2009)
Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Alstonia scholaris (white cheesewood)	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Supriadi et al. (2004)
Annona montana	Annonaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Annona squamosa (sugar apple)	Annonaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Aralia elata (Japanese aralia)	Araliaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2007)
Araucaria cunninghamii (colonial pine)	Araucariaceae	Main	Ann et al. (1999) Brooks (2002) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017)
Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine)	Araucariaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Ardisia sieboldii	Primulaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Artemisia capillaris	Asteraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit)	Moraceae	Main	Brooks (2002) Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit)	Moraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Averrhoa carambola (carambola)	Oxalidaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Azadirachta excelsa	Meliaceae	Unknown	Farid et al. (2005) Mohd et al. (2009)
Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree)	Lecythidaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Barringtonia samoensis		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Bauhinia (camel's foot)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony)	Fabaceae	Main	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Huang et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017)
Bischofia javanica (bishop wood)	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2014)
Bombax ceiba (silk cotton tree)	Bombacaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Calocedrus formosana	Cupressaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel)	Clusiaceae	Main	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Calophyllum neoebudicum		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Camellia japonica (camellia)	Theaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Camellia sinensis (tea)	Theaceae	Main	Ann et al. (1999)
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)	Annonaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Canarium harveyi	Strombidae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Casuarina (beefwood)	Casuarinaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina)	Casuarinaceae	Main	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2014) Tsai et al. (2017)
Ceiba speciosa		Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015)
Celtis boninensis		Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Celtis sinensis (Chinese elm)	Ulmaceae	Unknown	Wang et al. (2016)
Cerbera manghas	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Chorisia speciosa (floss-silk tree)	Bombacaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel)	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Huang et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017)
Cinnamomum doederleinii	Lauraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015)
Cinnamomum japonicum	Lauraceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010)
Cinnamomum kanehirai	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Cinnamomum kotoense		Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Cinnamomum osmophloeum (native cassia bark tree)	Lauraceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Cinnamomum pseudopedunculatum		Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon)	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Cinnamomum yabunikkei		Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015)
Citrus	Rutaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Citrus limon (lemon)	Rutaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Codiaeum variegatum (garden croton)	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Coffea (coffee)	Rubiaceae	Main
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee)	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Cordia alliodora (Ecuador laurel)	Boraginaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Cordia aspera		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry)	Boraginaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum)	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017)
Crossostylis biflora		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Cycas taitungensis	Cycadaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Dalbergia sissoo	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Delonix regia (flamboyant)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Hodges and Tenorio (1984) Huang et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017)
Dimocarpus longan (longan tree)	Sapindaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) Ann et al. (2002)
Diospyros decandra		Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Diospyros kaki (persimmon)	Ebenaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Diospyros samoensis	Ebenaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Diospyros vera	Ebenaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015)
Distylium lepidotum	Hamamelidaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Distylium racemosum (isu)	Hamamelidaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015)
Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop)	Verbenaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Dypsis lutescens (yellow butterfly palm)	Arecaceae	Unknown	Huang et al. (2015)
Dysoxylum samoense	Meliaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Ehretia philippinensis		Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015)
Elaeagnus rotundata		Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm)	Arecaceae	Main	Pinruan et al. (2010)
Elaeocarpus serratus	Elaeocarpaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Elaeocarpus sylvestris	Elaeocarpaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2007) Akiba et al. (2015)
Elattostachys falcata		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Erythrina	Fabaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Erythrina variegata (Indian coral tree)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Eucalyptus	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum)	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Chang and Yang (1998)
Eucalyptus grandis (saligna gum)	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Chang and Yang (1998)
Eucalyptus pellita (red mahogany)	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Agustini et al. (2014) Glen et al. (2014)
Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry)	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015)
Euonymus boninensis		Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ficus	Moraceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Ficus awkeotsang (jelly fig)	Moraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Ficus benghalensis (banyan)	Moraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ficus benjamina (weeping fig)	Moraceae	Unknown	Huang et al. (2015)
Ficus elastica (rubber plant)	Moraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree)	Moraceae	Main	Akiba et al. (2015) Chang and Yang (1998) Huang et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Tsai et al. (2017) Wang et al. (2016)
Ficus obliqua		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Ficus pumila (creeping fig)	Moraceae	Unknown	Chang and Yang (1998)
Ficus punctata		Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree)	Moraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017)
Ficus tinctoria		Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Brooks (2002)
Ficus virgata	Moraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007)
Firmiana simplex	Sterculiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Flueggea flexuosa	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Fraxinus formosana	Oleaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen)	Clusiaceae	Main
Garcinia subelliptica	Clusiaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2010)
Gardenia jasminoides (cape jasmine)	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Glochidion obovatum	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007)
Glochidion ramiflorum		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Gmelina arborea (candahar)	Lamiaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Grevillea robusta (silky oak)	Proteaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Hernandia nymphaeifolia	Hernandiaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002) Sahashi et al. (2007)
Hevea brasiliensis (rubber)	Euphorbiaceae	Main	Brooks (2002) Mohd et al. (2009) Nandris et al. (1988)
Hibiscus glaber	Malvaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese rose)	Malvaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Sahashi et al. (2007)
Hibiscus schizopetalus (fringed hibiscus)	Malvaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood)	Malvaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Brooks (2002) Chang and Yang (1998)
Hydrangea chinensis		Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Ilex rotunda (kurogane holly)	Aquifoliaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2007)
Inocarpus fagifer	Fabaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Intsia bijuga (Moluccan ironwood)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning glory)	Convolvulaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Jatropha integerrima (peregrina)	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka	Cupressaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana		Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Khaya senegalensis (dry zone mahogany)	Meliaceae	Unknown	Burcham et al. (2015) Wang et al. (2016)
Kigelia africana (sausage tree)	Bignoniaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Koelreuteria elegans var. formosana	Sapindaceae	Main	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017)
Koelreuteria paniculata (golden rain tree)	Sapindaceae	Habitat/association
Lactuca indica (Indian lettuce)	Asteraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India)	Lythraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Lagerstroemia subcostata	Lythraceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2007)
Lagerstroemia turbinata		Unknown	Chang and Yang (1998)
Lannea coromandelica	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Supriadi et al. (2004)
Lantana camara (lantana)	Verbenaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Leptopetalum grayi		Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Hodges and Tenorio (1984) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet)	Oleaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2007)
Ligustrum micranthum	Oleaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Liquidambar formosana (beautiful sweetgum)	Hamamelidaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017)
Litchi chinensis (lichi)	Sapindaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel)	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Litsea hypophaea		Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Litsea japonica	Lauraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007)
Macaranga harveyana		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Macaranga stipulosa		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree)	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Chang and Yang (1998) Ann et al. (1999)
Maesa tenera	Myrsinaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Malpighia emarginata	Malpighiaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Mangifera indica (mango)	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Dann et al. (2011) Sahashi et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017)
Melaleuca bracteata	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Melaleuca leucadendra (long-leaved paperbark)	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Melia azedarach (Chinaberry)	Meliaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Michelia compressa	Magnoliaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Michelia figo	Magnoliaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry)	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Morus australis	Moraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine)	Rutaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2007) Tsai et al. (2017)
Nandina domestica (Nandina)	Berberidaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007)
Neolitsea sericea	Lauraceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015) Akiba et al. (2015)
Neonauclea forsteri	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Nerium oleander (oleander)	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Ochrosia nakaiana	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Osmanthus fragrans	Oleaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Osmanthus insularis		Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Pachira aquatica (pachira nut)	Bombacaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Palaquium formosanum	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Pandanus boninensis		Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Persea thunbergii	Lauraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010)
Persea zuihoensis	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine)	Pinaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Pipturus argenteus	Urticaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistachio)	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum)	Pittosporaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015)
Planchonella grayana		Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Planchonella obovata	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Planchonella torricellensis	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Podocarpus macrophyllus (Long-leaf podocarpus)	Podocarpaceae	Main	Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010) Tsai et al. (2017) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Pometia pinnata (Fijian longan)	Sapindaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Populus deltoides (poplar)	Salicaceae	Unknown	Sujan and Pandey (1989)
Prunus armeniaca (apricot)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Prunus campanulata (Taiwan cherry)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Prunus mume (Japanese apricot tree)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017) Ann et al. (1999)
Prunus persica (peach)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2007) Tsai et al. (2017)
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava)	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Psidium guajava (guava)	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017)
Pyrus communis (European pear)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017) Ann et al. (1999)
Rhaphiolepis indica	Rosaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata		Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Yedda hawthorne)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2007)
Roystonea regia (Cuban royal palm)	Arecaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Salix babylonica (weeping willow)	Salicaceae	Main	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Samanea saman (rain tree)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree)	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree)	Bignoniaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple)	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Jamaica vervain)	Verbenaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Sterculia foetida (Java olive)	Sterculiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Sterculia lanceolata		Unknown	Huang et al. (2016)
Swietenia macrophylla (big leaved mahogany)	Meliaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002) Sujan et al. (1980)
Swietenia mahagoni (Cuban mahogany)	Meliaceae	Main	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Syzygium	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Syzygium inophylloides	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Syzygium samarangense (water apple)	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Taiwania cryptomerioides (taiwania)	Chrysomelidae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Tectona grandis (teak)	Lamiaceae	Main	Farid et al. (2005) Mohd et al. (2009) Mohd et al. (2005) Farid et al. (2005)
Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond)	Combretaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017)
Terminalia richii	Combretaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Theobroma cacao (cocoa)	Malvaceae	Main	Brooks (2002)
Thespesia populnea (portia tree)	Malvaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Toona sinensis (Chinese Toona)	Meliaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)
Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree)	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Trachelospermum asiaticum	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Trema orientalis (charcoal tree)	Ulmaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ulmus parvifolia (lacebark elm)	Ulmaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Urena lobata (caesar weed)	Malvaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Vernicia fordii (tung-oil tree)	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998)
Virola surinamensis (banak)	Myristicaceae	Unknown	Brooks (2002)
Vitis (grape)	Vitaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999)
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)	Vitaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017)
Wikstroemia pseudoretusa	Thymelaeaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Zanthoxylum ailanthoides	Rutaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube)	Rhamnaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. (2017)

Brown root rot

P. noxium causes brown root rot, which is a serious problem in Taiwan and Hong Kong.^[2][4]

See also

• Root rot