List of Portuguese monarchs

"Queen of Portugal" redirects here. For Queen consort of Portugal, see List of Portuguese royal consorts.

This is a list of Portuguese monarchs who ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution.

King of Portugal and the Algarves (1139–1910)
Royal Coat of Arms of Portugal
Manuel II, last King of Portugal
Dom Duarte Pio, Duke of Bragança, claimant of the dormant throne
Details
Style	Most Faithful Majesty
First monarch	Afonso I
Last monarch	Manuel II
Formation	25 July 1139
Abolition	5 October 1910
Residence	Royal residences in Portugal
Pretender(s)	Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza

Through the nearly 800 years in which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions. Two kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V, claimed the crown of Castile and waged wars in order to enforce their respective claims. Ferdinand I managed to be recognized as King of Galiza in 1369, although his dominance of the region was short-lived. When the House of Habsburg came into power, the kings of Spain, Naples, and Sicily also became kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown some honorary, such as the attribution of the title of Rex Fidelissimus (His Most Faithful Majesty), and royal titles, such as King of Brazil and then de jure Emperor of Brazil.

After the demise of the Portuguese monarchy, in 1910, Portuguese monarchists launched a counter-revolution known as the Monarchy of the North, though the attempted restoration only lasted a month before destruction. With Manuel II's death, the Miguelist branch of the house of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal, and have all been acclaimed king of Portugal by monarchist groups.

Throughout Portugal's history as an independent kingdom, it was ruled by a total of 4 royal houses:

1. House of Burgundy (1139–1383)
2. House of Aviz (1385–1580)
3. House of Habsburg (1581–1640)
4. House of Braganza (1640–1910)

The House of Burgundy actually held the title of Count of Portugal beginning in 1096. However, all but the most comprehensive lists of Portuguese monarchs exclude such pre-independence figures.

Afonsine Dynasty (1139–1383)

The Portuguese House of Burgundy (Portuguese: Casa de Borgonha) was established in 1093 under Henry, Count of Portugal ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal by his troops in 1139, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries, establishing the Afonsine Dynasty (Dinastia Afonsina). During the Reconquista, the Afonsine Dynasty expanded the country southwards until the definitive conquest of Algarve with Sancho II and the establishment of the Kingdom of Algarve, in 1249, under Afonso III. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred between 1383 and 1385. Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.^[1][2]

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
Afonso I The Conqueror; The Great; The Founder; The Father of the Nation Portuguese: Afonso Henriques	1106/09/11 – 6 December 1185 (aged 73–79)	25 July 1139	6 December 1185	Previously Count of Portugal Founder of the Kingdom of Portugal Son of Henry, Count of Portugal and Teresa, Countess of Portugal	Burgundy
Sancho I The Populator	11 November 1154 – 26 March 1211 (aged 56)	6 December 1185	26 March 1211	Son of Afonso I	Burgundy
Afonso II The Fat; The Leprous; The Lawgiver	23 April 1185 – 25 March 1223 (aged 37)	27 March 1211	25 March 1223	Son of Sancho I	Burgundy
Sancho II The Cowled; The Pious	8 September 1209 – 4 January 1248 (aged 38)	26 March 1223	4 December 1247	Son of Afonso II	Burgundy
Afonso III The Boulonnais	5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279 (aged 68)	4 January 1248	16 February 1279	Son of Afonso II Brother of Sancho II	Burgundy
Denis I The Farmer; The Farmer-King; The Husbandman; The Poet; The Poet-King; The Troubadour; The Just; The Liberal Portuguese: Dinis I	9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 (aged 63)	6 February 1279	7 January 1325	Son of Afonso III	Burgundy
Afonso IV The Brave; The Bold	8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 (aged 66)	7 January 1325	28 May 1357	Son of Denis I	Burgundy
Peter I The Cruel; The Just; The Enemy-Son; The Stutterer; The Till-the-End-of-the-World-Passionate; The Vengeful; The Revengeful Portuguese: Pedro I	8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367 (aged 46)	28 May 1357	18 January 1367	Son of Afonso IV	Burgundy
Ferdinand I The Handsome; The Fair; The Debonair; The Inconstant; The Fickle; The Inconscient Portuguese: Fernando I	31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383 (aged 37)	18 January 1367	22 October 1383	Son of Peter I	Burgundy
Beatrice Portuguese: Beatriz	7–13 February 1373 – c. 1420 (aged 46–47)	(Disputed) 1383	(Disputed) 1385	Daughter of Ferdinand I	Burgundy

Johanine Dynasty (1385–1580)

The House of Aviz (Portuguese: Casa de Avis), succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John, Master of Aviz, thus establishing the Johanine Dynasty (Dinastia Joanina). When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his Grand-uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
John I Of Good Memory; The One with Good Memory; Of Fond Memory; The Master of Avis; The Good; The Great; The Bastard Portuguese: João I	11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 (aged 76)	6 April 1385	14 August 1433	Illegitimate son of Peter I	Aviz
Edward The Eloquent; The Philosopher; The Philosopher-King Portuguese: Duarte I	31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 (aged 46)	14 August 1433	9 September 1438	Son of John I	Aviz
Afonso V The African; The Crusader	15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 (aged 49)	13 September 1438 — 15 November 1477	11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481	Son of Edward I	Aviz
John II The Perfect Prince; The Man (O Homem) Portuguese: João II	3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495 (aged 40)	11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481	15 November 1477 — 25 October 1495	Son of Afonso V	Aviz
Manuel I The Fortunate; The Grocer King/The Spices King (O Rei das Especiarias)	31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52)	25 October 1495	13 December 1521	Cousin of John II Grandson of Edward I	Aviz
John III The Pious; The Colonizer Portuguese: João III	7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55)	13 December 1521	11 June 1557	Son of Manuel I	Aviz
Sebastian I The Desired; The Sleeping Hero; The Sleeping King; The Hidden; The Crusader; The Virgin King Portuguese: Sebastião I	20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24)	11 June 1557	4 August 1578	Grandson of John III	Aviz
Henry I The Chaste; The Cardinal; The Cardinal-King Portuguese: Henrique I	31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68)	4 August 1578	31 January 1580	Son of Manuel I Brother of John III Great-uncle of Sebastian	Aviz
Anthony I The Prior of Crato; The Determined; The Fighter; The Resistant; The Independentist Portuguese: António I	1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64)	(Disputed) 24 July 1580	(Disputed) 1583	Grandson of Manuel I Nephew of Henry I	Aviz

Philippine Dynasty (1581–1640)

The House of Habsburg (Portuguese: Casa de Habsburgo, Casa da Áustria) ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under a personal union known historiographically as the Iberian Union. Following the convention of Portuguese dynasties being named after their first king, this dynasty is named the Philippine Dynasty (Dinastia Filipina), an especially apt name given all Habsburg monarchs of Portugal would bear the name "Philip".

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
Philip I The Prudent Portuguese: Filipe I	21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71)	17 April 1581	13 September 1598	Grandson of Manuel I Nephew of Henry I	Habsburg
Philip II The Pious Portuguese: Filipe II	14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42)	13 September 1598	31 March 1621	Son of Philip I	Habsburg
Philip III The Great; The Tyrant; The Oppressor Portuguese: Filipe III	8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60)	31 March 1621	1 December 1640	Son of Philip II	Habsburg

Brigantine Dynasty (1640–1910)

The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Bragança) came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great-great-grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in 1640 during the Portuguese Restoration War. The Habsburgs continued to claim the throne of Portugal until the end of the war in the Treaty of Lisbon (1668). Unlike other dynasties, it is not dubbed after its founder (as John IV shares a first name with John I), instead being named called the Brigantine Dynasty (Dinastia Brigantina, “Brigantine” meaning “from Braganza”).

The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Casa de Bragança-Saxe-Coburgo e Gota), though this view is not widely held.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
John IV The Restorer; The Fortunate; The Musician King Portuguese: João IV	19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 52)	1 December 1640	6 November 1656	Was chosen as king through Acclamation (unanimous consent) by the Portuguese people. Later, by right of conquest, dethroned the King Philip III. Was also great-great-grandson of Manuel I	Braganza
Afonso VI The Victorious	21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40)	6 November 1656	12 September 1683	Son of John IV	Braganza
Peter II The Pacific Portuguese: Pedro II	26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58)	6 November 1683	9 December 1706	Son of John IV Brother of Afonso VI	Braganza
John V The Magnanimous; The Magnificent; The Generous; The Most Faithful King; The Nuns' Lover; The Portuguese Sun-King Portuguese: João V	22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60)	9 December 1706	31 July 1750	Son of Peter II	Braganza
Joseph I The Reformer Portuguese: José I	6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62)	31 July 1750	24 February 1777	Son of John V	Braganza
Maria I The Pious; The Mad Portuguese: Maria I	(1734-12-17)17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816(1816-03-20) (aged 81)	24 February 1777	20 March 1816	Daughter of Joseph I	Braganza
Peter III The Capacidónio; The Builder; The Edifier; The Sacristan; The Enabler Portuguese: Pedro III	(1717-07-05)5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786(1786-05-25) (aged 68)	24 February 1777	25 May 1786	Husband of Maria I Son of John V jure uxoris king	Braganza
John VI The Clement; The Merciful Portuguese: João VI	13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58)	20 March 1816	10 March 1826	Son of Maria I and Peter III	Braganza
Peter IV The Soldier King; The Liberator; The Emperor; The Hero of Two Worlds Portuguese: Pedro IV	12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35)	10 March 1826	2 May 1826	Son of John VI	Braganza
Mary II (1st reign) The Educator; The Good Mother Portuguese: Maria II	4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)	2 May 1826	23 June 1828	Daughter of Peter IV	Braganza
Michael I The Absolutist; The Traditionalist; The Usurper Portuguese: Miguel I	26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866 (aged 64)	26 February 1828	6 May 1834	Son of John VI	Braganza
Mary II (2nd reign) The Educator; The Good Mother Portuguese: Maria II	4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)	26 May 1834	15 November 1853	Daughter of Peter IV	Braganza
Ferdinand II The Artist King Portuguese: Fernando II	29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885 (aged 69)	16 September 1837	15 November 1853	Husband of Maria II jure uxoris king	Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry
Peter V The Hopeful; The Beloved; The Well-Beloved Portuguese: Pedro V	16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861 (aged 24)	15 November 1853	11 November 1861	Son of Maria II and Ferdinand II	Braganza[a]
Louis I The Popular; The Musician King; The Painter King Portuguese: Luís I	31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 (aged 50)	11 November 1861	19 October 1889	Son of Maria II and Ferdinand II Brother of Peter V	Braganza[a]
Carlos I The Diplomat; The Martyr; The Martyred; The Oceanographer; The Hunter; The Painter King; The Obese	28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908 (aged 44)	19 October 1889	1 February 1908	Son of Louis I	Braganza[a]
Louis II The Prince Royal; The Martyred Portuguese: Luís II	21 March 1887 – 1 February 1908 (aged 20)	1 February 1908	1 February 1908 (20 minutes)	Son of Carlos I	Braganza[a][b]
Manuel II The Patriot; The Sorrowful; The Unfortunate; The Studious; The Scholar; The Erudite; The Learned; The Bibliophile; The Missed-King	15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932 (aged 42)	1 February 1908 — 19 January 1919[c]	5 October 1910 — 14 February 1919[c]	Son of Carlos I Last King of Portugal	Braganza[a]

Length of reign

Name	Reign	Duration
Afonso I	25 July 1139 – 6 December 1185	46 years 4 months 11 days
Sancho I	6 December 1185 – 26 March 1211	25 years 3 months 20 days
Afonso II	26 March 1211 – 25 March 1223	11 years 11 months 27 days
Sancho II	25 March 1223 – 4 December 1247	24 years 8 months 9 days
Afonso III	4 January 1248 – 16 February 1279	31 years 1 month 12 days
Denis I	6 February 1279 – 7 January 1325	45 years 11 months 1 day
Afonso IV	7 January 1325 – 28 May 1357	32 years 4 months 21 days
Peter I	28 May 1357 – 18 January 1367	9 years 7 months 21 days
Ferdinand I	18 January 1367 – 22 October 1383	16 years 9 months 4 days
John I	6 April 1385 – 14 August 1433	48 years 4 months 8 days
Edward	14 August 1433 – 9 September 1438	5 years 26 days
Afonso V	13 September 1438 – 11 November 1477, 15 November 1477 – 28 August 1481	42 years 11 months 11 days 1st: (39 years 1 month 29 days), 2nd: (3 years 9 months 13 days)
John II	11 November 1477 – 15 November 1477, 28 August 1481 – 25 October 1495	14 years 2 months 1 day 1st: (4 days), 2nd: (14 years 1 month 27 days)
Manuel I	25 October 1495 – 13 December 1521	26 years 1 month 18 days
John III	13 December 1521 – 11 June 1557	35 years 5 months 29 days
Sebastian I	11 June 1557 – 4 August 1578	21 years 1 month 24 days
Henry I	4 August 1578 – 31 January 1580	1 year 5 months 27 days
Philip I	12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598	18 years 1 day
Philip II	13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621	22 years 6 months 18 days
Philip III	31 March 1621 – 1 December 1640	19 years 8 months 1 day
John IV	1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656	15 years 11 months 5 days
Afonso VI	6 November 1656 – 12 September 1683	26 years 10 months 6 days
Peter II	12 September 1683 – 9 December 1706	23 years 2 months 27 days
John V	9 December 1706 – 31 July 1750	43 years 7 months 22 days
Joseph I	31 July 1750 – 24 February 1777	26 years 6 months 24 days
Maria I	24 February 1777 – 20 March 1816	39 years 25 days
Peter III	24 February 1777 – 25 May 1786	9 years 3 months 1 day
John VI	20 March 1816 – 10 March 1826	9 years 11 months 18 days
Peter IV	10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826	1 month 22 days
Maria II	2 May 1826 – 23 June 1828, 26 May 1834 – 15 November 1853	21 years 7 months 10 days 1st: (2 years 1 month 21 days), 2nd: (19 years 5 months 20 days)
Michael I	11 July 1828 – 26 May 1834	5 years 10 months 15 days
Ferdinand II	16 September 1837 – 15 November 1853	16 years 1 month 30 days
Peter V	15 November 1853 – 11 November 1861	7 years 11 months 27 days
Louis I	11 November 1861 – 19 October 1889	27 years 11 months 8 days
Carlos I	19 October 1889 – 1 February 1908	18 years 3 months 13 days
Luís II	1 February 1908 – 1 February 1908	less than 1 day (20 minutes)
Manuel II	1 February 1908 – 5 October 1910, 19 January 1919 – 14 February 1919	2 years 9 months 1 day 1st: (2 years 8 months 4 days), 2nd: (27 days)

See also

• Portugal portal
• Monarchy portal

• List of Portuguese royal consorts
• List of viceroys of Portugal
• List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
• Style of the Portuguese sovereign
• Families
  • Family tree of Portuguese monarchs
  • Descendants of John VI of Portugal
  • Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal
  • Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal

Notes

1. Only officially, agnatically a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, an arrangement sometimes referred to as the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"
2. Some historians consider that Manuel II was preceded by his elder brother Luís Filipe, not by his father Carlos. In fact, while king Carlos died instantly under the bullets of the anarchists on 1 February 1908, his son Luís Filipe, the crown prince, survived for at least twenty-five minutes, enough to allow governmental officials to name him king. This act is, however, usually considered as historically irrelevant, given that the crown prince never recovered from his coma. His younger brother Manuel (who was also injured, though not seriously) is therefore considered to have been the direct successor of the murdered King Carlos I.
3. Attempted restauration of the monarchy in Portugal (Monarchy of the North.)