Strabomantidae

The Strabomantidae, sometimes called cloud forest landfrogs, are a family of frogs native to South America. These frogs lack a free-living larval stage and hatch directly into miniature "froglets".^[1][2] This family includes Pristimantis, the most speciose genus of any vertebrate.^[3] Based on molecular dating, the Holoadeninae in particular appears to have originated in the Eocene.^[4] The Oligocene-Miocene transition was also found to be important to their biogeographical history.^[4] However, the lack of Holoadeninae fossils and limited nucleotide data ambiguates the results, by the authors' admission.^[4]

Strabomantidae
Noblella pygmaea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Clade:	Brachycephaloidea
Family:	Strabomantidae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008

Systematics

The following subfamilies and genera are in the family Strabomantidae.^[5][6]

• Holoadeninae
  • Bahius Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021
  • Barycholos Heyer, 1969
  • Bryophryne Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008
  • Euparkerella Griffiths, 1959
  • Holoaden Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920
  • Microkayla De la Riva, Chaparro, Castroviejo-Fisher, and Padial, 2017
  • Noblella Barbour, 1930
  • Phyllonastes Heyer, 1977
  • Psychrophrynella Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008
  • Qosqophryne Catenazzi, Mamani, Lehr, and von May 2020
  • Urkuphryne Ortega et al., 2025

• Hypodactylinae
  • Niceforonia Goin and Cochran, 1963

• Pristimantinae
  • Lynchius Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008
  • Oreobates Jiménez de la Espada, 1872
  • Phrynopus Peters, 1873
  • Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870
  • Serranobatrachus Arroyo, Targino, Rueda-Solano, Daza-R., and Grant, 2022
  • Tachiramantis Heinicke, Barrio-Amorós, and Hedges, 2015
  • Yunganastes Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007

• Strabomantinae
  • Strabomantis Peters, 1863