Racah polynomials

In mathematics, Racah polynomials are orthogonal polynomials named after Giulio Racah, as their orthogonality relations are equivalent to his orthogonality relations for Racah coefficients.

The Racah polynomials were first defined by Wilson (1978) and are given by

${\displaystyle p_{n}(x(x+\gamma +\delta +1))={}_{4}F_{3}\left[{\begin{matrix}-n&n+\alpha +\beta +1&-x&x+\gamma +\delta +1\\\alpha +1&\gamma +1&\beta +\delta +1\\\end{matrix}};1\right].}$

Orthogonality

${\displaystyle \sum _{y=0}^{N}\operatorname {R} _{n}(x;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )\operatorname {R} _{m}(x;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ){\frac {\gamma +\delta +1+2y}{\gamma +\delta +1+y}}\omega _{y}=h_{n}\operatorname {\delta } _{n,m},}$^[1]

when ${\displaystyle \alpha +1=-N}$,

where ${\displaystyle \operatorname {R} }$ is the Racah polynomial,

${\displaystyle x=y(y+\gamma +\delta +1),}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {\delta } _{n,m}}$ is the Kronecker delta function and the weight functions are

${\displaystyle \omega _{y}={\frac {(\alpha +1)_{y}(\beta +\delta +1)_{y}(\gamma +1)_{y}(\gamma +\delta +2)_{y}}{(-\alpha +\gamma +\delta +1)_{y}(-\beta +\gamma +1)_{y}(\delta +1)_{y}y!}},}$

and

${\displaystyle h_{n}={\frac {(-\beta )_{N}(\gamma +\delta +1)_{N}}{(-\beta +\gamma +1)_{N}(\delta +1)_{N}}}{\frac {(n+\alpha +\beta +1)_{n}n!}{(\alpha +\beta +2)_{2n}}}{\frac {(\alpha +\delta -\gamma +1)_{n}(\alpha -\delta +1)_{n}(\beta +1)_{n}}{(\alpha +1)_{n}(\beta +\delta +1)_{n}(\gamma +1)_{n}}},}$

${\displaystyle (\cdot )_{n}}$ is the Pochhammer symbol.

Rodrigues-type formula

${\displaystyle \omega (x;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )\operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (x);\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )=(\gamma +\delta +1)_{n}{\frac {\nabla ^{n}}{\nabla \lambda (x)^{n}}}\omega (x;\alpha +n,\beta +n,\gamma +n,\delta ),}$^[2]

where ${\displaystyle \nabla }$ is the backward difference operator,

${\displaystyle \lambda (x)=x(x+\gamma +\delta +1).}$

Generating functions

There are three generating functions for ${\displaystyle x\in \{0,1,2,...,N\}}$

when ${\displaystyle \beta +\delta +1=-N\quad }$or${\displaystyle \quad \gamma +1=-N,}$

${\displaystyle {}_{2}F_{1}(-x,-x+\alpha -\gamma -\delta$ ;\alpha +1;t){}_{2}F_{1}(x+\beta +\delta +1,x+\gamma +1;\beta +1;t)}

${\displaystyle \quad =\sum _{n=0}^{N}{\frac {(\beta +\delta +1)_{n}(\gamma +1)_{n}}{(\beta +1)_{n}n!}}\operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (x);\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )t^{n},}$

when ${\displaystyle \alpha +1=-N\quad }$or${\displaystyle \quad \gamma +1=-N,}$

${\displaystyle {}_{2}F_{1}(-x,-x+\beta -\gamma$ ;\beta +\delta +1;t){}_{2}F_{1}(x+\alpha +1,x+\gamma +1;\alpha -\delta +1;t)}

${\displaystyle \quad =\sum _{n=0}^{N}{\frac {(\alpha +1)_{n}(\gamma +1)_{n}}{(\alpha -\delta +1)_{n}n!}}\operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (x);\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )t^{n},}$

when ${\displaystyle \alpha +1=-N\quad }$or${\displaystyle \quad \beta +\delta +1=-N,}$

${\displaystyle {}_{2}F_{1}(-x,-x-\delta$ ;\gamma +1;t){}_{2}F_{1}(x+\alpha +1;x+\beta +\gamma +1;\alpha +\beta -\gamma +1;t)}

${\displaystyle \quad =\sum _{n=0}^{N}{\frac {(\alpha +1)_{n}(\beta +\delta +1)_{n}}{(\alpha +\beta -\gamma +1)_{n}n!}}\operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (x);\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )t^{n}.}$

Connection formula for Wilson polynomials

When ${\displaystyle \alpha =a+b-1,\beta =c+d-1,\gamma =a+d-1,\delta =a-d,x\rightarrow -a+ix,}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (-a+ix);a+b-1,c+d-1,a+d-1,a-d)={\frac {\operatorname {W} _{n}(x^{2};a,b,c,d)}{(a+b)_{n}(a+c)_{n}(a+d)_{n}}},}$

where ${\displaystyle \operatorname {W} }$ are Wilson polynomials.

q-analog

Askey & Wilson (1979) introduced the q-Racah polynomials defined in terms of basic hypergeometric functions by

${\displaystyle p_{n}(q^{-x}+q^{x+1}cd;a,b,c,d;q)={}_{4}\phi _{3}\left[{\begin{matrix}q^{-n}&abq^{n+1}&q^{-x}&q^{x+1}cd\\aq&bdq&cq\\\end{matrix}};q;q\right].}$

They are sometimes given with changes of variables as

${\displaystyle W_{n}(x;a,b,c,N;q)={}_{4}\phi _{3}\left[{\begin{matrix}q^{-n}&abq^{n+1}&q^{-x}&cq^{x-n}\\aq&bcq&q^{-N}\\\end{matrix}};q;q\right].}$