LdrD-RdlD toxin-antitoxin system

RdlD RNA (regulator detected in LDR-D) is a family of small non-coding RNAs which repress the protein LdrD in a type I toxin-antitoxin system. It was discovered in Escherichia coli strain K-12 in a long direct repeat (LDR) named LDR-D. This locus encodes two products: a 35 amino acid peptide toxin (ldrD) and a 60 nucleotide RNA antitoxin.^[1] The 374nt toxin mRNA has a half-life of around 30 minutes while rdlD RNA has a half-life of only 2 minutes. This is in keeping with other type I toxin-antitoxin systems.^[1][2]

rdlD
Conserved secondary structure of rdlD RNA.
Identifiers
Symbol	rdlD
Rfam	RF01813
Other data
RNA type	Gene; antisense;
Domain(s)	Enterobacteriaceae
PDB structures	PDBe

LdrD Type I toxin-antitoxin system
Identifiers
Symbol	Ldr_toxin
Pfam	PF13940
OPM superfamily	469
OPM protein	5lbj
Membranome	636
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

Northern blots showed that ldrD and rdlD are both transcribed and primer extension analysis showed the rdlD transcript is not translated.

Homologues exist in related Enterobacteriaceae such as Salmonella enterica and Shigella boydii. The Ldr peptide genes that have been discovered are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor.^[1]

LDR sequences

Four long direct repeat (LDR) sequences were identified during genetic sequencing of a 718kb segment of the E. coli genome.^[3] One of these, LDR-D was studied further in order to determine the physiological function of these regions. The genes encoded by the other three LDRs, ldrA, ldrB and ldrC were confirmed to have the same activity as ldrD.^[1]

Physiological effects of LdrD

The LdrD protein causes growth inhibition, loss of cell viability, nucleoid condensation and alteration in purine metabolism when overexpressed. Once growth arrest has been achieved, it is irreversible. Another potential effect of elevated LdrD could be reduced levels of cAMP in the cell.^[1] It inhibits both translation and transcription, which contributes significantly to reducing the cell's viability.^[4]

Suspected mechanism of inhibition

The precise mechanism by which RdlD inhibits LdrD is unknown, however it has been shown that RdlD seems to regulate LdrD expression at the post-transcriptional level. The RdlD antisense RNA does not overlap with the translational initiation region of ldrD, as is common with Type 1 toxin-antitoxin systems.^[1]

See also

• Toxin-antitoxin system
• Hok/sok system
• RatA