Rustamid dynasty

The Rustamid dynasty (Arabic: الرستميون) (or Rustumids, Rostemids) was an Ibadi dynasty of Persian origin^[4][5] which ruled a state that was centered in present-day Algeria.^[6][7][8] The dynasty governed as a Muslim theocracy for a century and a half from its capital Tahert (present day Tagdemt)^[9] until the Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate defeated it. Rustamid authority extended over what is now central and western Algeria, parts of southern Tunisia, and the Jebel Nafusa and Fezzan regions in Libya as far as Zawila.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Rustamid Kingdom
777[1]–909
Approximate extent of Rustamid control in the 9th century
Capital	Tahert
Common languages	Berber, Arabic, Persian
Religion	Ibadi Islam
Government	Imamate[2]
Imam
• 777–788	ʿAbdu r-Rahman ibn Bahram ibn Rūstam
• 906–909	Yaqzan ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan
History
• Established	777[3]
• Disestablished	909
Preceded by Succeeded by Berber revolt Emirate of Tlemcen Fatimid Caliphate
Today part of	Algeria Tunisia Libya

History

The Ibāḍī movement reached North Africa by 719, when the missionary Salma ibn Sa'd was sent from the Ibādī jama'a of Basra to Kairouan.^[14][15] By 740, their efforts had converted the major Berber tribes of Huwara around Tripoli, in the Nafusa Mountains and at Zenata in western Tripolitania.^[16] In 757 (140 AH), a group of four Basra-educated missionaries including ʻAbd ar-Rahmān ibn Rustam proclaimed an Ibāḍī imamate in Tripolitania, starting an abortive state led by Abu l-Khattab Abdul-A'la ibn as-Samh which lasted until the Abbasid Caliphate dispatched Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i to suppress it in 761. Ifriqiya was conquered by the Abbasids from Kharijite control and Abul-Khattab Abdul-A'la ibn as-Samh was killed.^[17] On his death, the Tripolitanian Ibādiyya elected Abu l-Hatim al-Malzuzi as Imām; he was killed in 772 after launching a second unsuccessful revolt in 768.^[18] After this, the center of power shifted to Algeria, and, in 777, ʻAbd ar-Rahmān ibn Rustam, an Ifriqiyan-born convert to the Ibāḍī movement of Persian origin^[19] and one of the four founders of the imamate, was elected Imām; after this, the post remained in his family, a practice which the Ibādiyya justified by noting that he came from no tribe, and thus his election as imam would not favour the domination of one Ibadi tribe over the others.^[20]

The new imamate was centered on the newly built capital of Tahert (or Tahart), near present-day Tiaret.^[21][22] Several Ibādī tribes displaced from Tunisia and Tripolitania settled there and strong fortifications were built.^[21] Al-Bakri mentions that after the establishment of Tahert, tribes within the area congregated around the vicinity of Tahert as the town was conceived of as a military base of the Imam and leader of the Ibadi tribes. The town was surrounded by a strong wall, it had a fortress, a commercial center, regular supply of water, gardens of fruit and vegetables and it was foremost a religious and economic center of the region. It eventually became a center along the caravan trade route to the Near East, this economic prosperity resulted in the later settlement of non-Ibadite Muslims and Christians.^[9][23]

The Rustamids fought the Kairouan-based Aghlabids of Ifriqiya in 812, but otherwise reached a modus vivendi; this displeased Ibādī tribes on the Aghlabid border, who launched a few rebellions.

In 873, a succession crisis occurred as the Third Imam Abu Bakr, fearing the loss of his title to his older brother Mohammed Abu-l-Yaqzan, attempted to assassinate him. However, his plot failed, leading to the population uprising against Abu Bakr, resulting in his overthrow and death In 874. Consequently, Mohammed Abu-l-Yaqzan assumed the title.^[24]

After Abdu l-Wahhāb, the Rustamids grew militarily weak; they were easily conquered by the Ismaili Fatimids in 909, upon which many Ibāḍis – including the last Imām – fled to the Sedrata tribe of Ouargla, whence they would ultimately emigrate to Mzab.

Society and culture

The Rustamid dynasty, "developed a cosmopolitan reputation in which Christians, non-Kharijite Muslims, and adherents of different sects of Kharijites lived".^[25] On the intellectual field, the Rustamids had many scholars and learned men, such as Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam, Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman, Aflah ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, dan Abu al-Yaqzhan ibn Aflah, Mahdi an-Nafusi, ‘Abd Allah al-Lamthi, and Mahmud ibn Bakr. ‘Abd ar-Rahman had an exegesis of the Qur’an. ‘Abd al-Wahhab wrote his Masa'il Nafusah on Islamic jurisprudence. Aflah mastered Arabic literature, mathematics, and astronomy. Abu al-Yaqzhan wrote about 40 works. Because of their intellectual enthusiasm, the Rustamids vigorously transferred valuable works from the Mashriq to the Maghrib, especially to the library of al-Ma‘shumah (in Tahert) and that of Khizanah Nafusah (in Jabal Nafusah).^[26]

Moreover, Tahert was famous as ‘Iraq al-Maghrib, al-‘Iraq ash-Shaghir, Balkh al-Maghrib, or Little Basra. Apart from these achievements, the Rustamids also had significant contribution to Islamization in the Maghrib and Bilad as-Sudan. For about two centuries (130–340 AH / 750–950 AD), the Kharijite people gained control of trade routes in the Maghrib and Bilad as-Sudan. Many Ibadite merchants made journeys along the vast area, such as Tahert, Wargla, Nafzawa, Jabal Nafusah, Tadmakkat, Gao, and Ghana. By this economic activity, the Ibadites took advantages of trading business and preaching Islam at the same time.^[26]

Rustamid Imams

• Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam (Bānū-Bādūsyān) (776–788)
• Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman (788–824)
• Aflah ibn ʿAbdi l-Wahhab (824–872)
• Abu Bakr ibn Aflah (872–874)
• Muhammad Abu l-Yaqzan ibn Aflah (874–894)
• Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abi l-Yaqzan (894–895)
• Yaʿqub ibn Aflah (895–899)
• Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abi l-Yaqzan, again (899–906)
• Yaqzan ibn Muhammad Abi l-Yaqzan (906–909)

Family tree

Family tree of the Rustamid dynasty
Rustam 1 Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam r. 776-788 2 Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman r. 788-824 3 Aflah ibn Abd al-Wahhab r. 824-872 4 Abu Bakr ibn Aflah r. 872-874 5 Muhammad Abu al-Yaqzan ibn Aflah r. 874-894 7 Ya'qub ibn Aflah r. 895-899 8 Yaqzan ibn Muhammad r. 906-90 6 Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad r. 894-895, 899-906

See also

• Banu Masala