Norian

The Norian is a division of the Triassic Period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). It lasted from ~227.3 to 205.7 million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.^[8]

Norian
~227.3 – ~205.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Chronology
−255 — – −250 — – −245 — – −240 — – −235 — – −230 — – −225 — – −220 — – −215 — – −210 — – −205 — – −200 — Pz Mesozoic P Triassic J LP ET Middle Late E J Changhsing. Olenekian Induan Anisian Ladinian Carnian Norian Rhaetian Hettangian         ← Permian-Triassic extinction event ← Smithian–Spathian boundary event[1] ← Carnian pluvial episode ← Full recovery of woody trees[2] ← Coals return[3] ← Scleractinian corals & calcified sponges[4] ← Triassic–Jurassic extinction event ← Manicouagan impact Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS, as of 2024.[5] Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Not formally defined[6]
Lower boundary definition candidates	Base of Stikinoceras kerri ammonoid zone and near FAD of Metapolygnathus echinatus within the M. communisti Conodont zones[6]
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	Black Bear Ridge, British Columbia, Canada[6] Pizzo Mondello, Sicily, Italy[6]
Upper boundary definition	Not formally defined[6]
Upper boundary definition candidates	FAD of the Conodont Misikella posthernsteini Near FAD of the Ammonite genus Cochloceras[6] Near FAD of the Conodont Epigondolella mosheri[6] Near FAD of the Radiolarian Proparvicingula moniliformis[6]
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	Steinbergkogel, Austria[6] Pignola-Abriola, Italy[7] Turkey[6] British Columbia, Canada[6]

Stratigraphic definitions

Cast of a tridactyl footprint of a theropod dinosaur from the Norian of the Czech Republic.

The Norian was named after the Noric Alps in Austria. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Austrian geologist Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar in 1869.

The Norian Stage begins at the base of the ammonite biozones of Klamathites macrolobatus and Stikinoceras kerri, and at the base of the conodont biozones of Metapolygnathus communisti and Metapolygnathus primitius. A global reference profile for the base (a GSSP) had in 2009 not yet been appointed.

The top of the Norian (the base of the Rhaetian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species Cochloceras amoenum. The base of the Rheatian is also close to the first appearance of conodont species Misikella spp. and Epigondolella mosheri and the radiolarid species Proparvicingula moniliformis.

In the Tethys domain, the Norian Stage contains six ammonite biozones:

• zone of Halorites macer
• zone of Himavatites hogarti
• zone of Cyrtopleurites bicrenatus
• zone of Juvavites magnus
• zone of Malayites paulckei
• zone of Guembelites jandianus

Subages

The Norian is divided into three global subages or substages:

• Lacian (lower Norian)
• Alaunian (middle Norian)
• Sevatian (upper Norian)

Many older studies considered the Rhaetian to be the uppermost substage of the Norian, though it has subsequently been raised to its own stage.

The Revueltian land-vertebrate faunachron corresponds to part of the Norian.^[9]

Notable formations

• Calcare di Zorzino (Italy)
• Caturrita Formation (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)
• Chinle Formation (SW USA)
• Cow Branch Formation (North Carolina and Virginia, USA)
• Dolomia di Forni (Italy)
• Los Colorados Formation (Argentina)
• Stubensandstein (Germany)
• Trossingen Formation (Norian – Rhaetian) (Switzerland and Germany)