Baha al-Din al-Amili

Baha al-Din Muhammad ibn Husayn al-Amili (Arabic: بهاء الدين محمد بن عزالدين حسين بن عبد الصمد بن شمس الدين محمد بن حسن العاملي; Persian: بهاءالدین محمد بن عزالدین حسین بن عبدالصمد بن شمس الدین محمد بن حسن بن عاملی جبعی (جباعی); 18 February 1547 – 1 September 1621),^[1] also known as Bahāddīn ʿĀmilī, or just Sheikh Bahāʾi (Persian: شیخ بهایی) in Iran, was an originally Lebanese Iranian^[2] Shia Islamic scholar,^[3] poet, philosopher, architect, mathematician and astronomer, who lived in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in Safavid Iran.^[4] He was born in Baalbek, Ottoman Syria (present-day Lebanon) and immigrated in his childhood to Safavid Iran with the rest of his family.^[4] He was one of the earliest astronomers in the Islamic world to suggest the possibility of the Earth's movement prior to the spread of the Copernican theory.^[1]

Baha al-Din al-Amili
18th century copy of a miniature depicting Sheikh Baha'i, falsely attributed to Sadiqi Beg. This drawing is presumably a copy of a lost original by Sadiqi Beg
Born	18 February 1547 Baalbek, Jabal Amil, Ottoman Empire
Died	1 September 1621(1621-09-01) (aged 74) Isfahan, Safavid Iran
Title	Sheikh
Academic background
Influences	Nimatullah Wali
Academic work
Discipline	Shia Polymath, scholar, poet, philosopher, architect and mathematician
School or tradition	Isfahan School
Main interests	Mathematics, Architecture, Astronomy, Philosophy and Poetry
Notable works	Tashrīḥ Al-Aflāk, Al-Khashkūl, Nān wa ḥalwā
Influenced	Haydar Amuli, Mir Damad, Mulla Sadra, Mohsen Fayz Kashani

Grave of Shaykh Bahai

He wrote over 100 treatises and books in different topics,^[1] in Arabic and Persian. A number of architectural and engineering designs are attributed to him, but none can be substantiated with sources.^[1] He is buried in Imam Reza shrine in Mashad in Iran.

Biography

Sheikh Baha' al-Din (also spelled Baha'uddin) Muhammad ibn Husayn al-'Amili was born near Baalbek, in Ottoman Syria (present-day Lebanon) in 1547.^[4] His family had moved there from a small village near Jezzine.^[4] After the execution of al-Shahid al-Tani in 1558, his father's mentor, he and his family moved to the neighboring Safavid Empire; first to Isfahan, and from there to Qazvin, the then Iranian royal capital.^[4] At the time, the Safavid realm was ruled by king Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576).^[4] Tahmasp I appointed Sheikh Bahāʾī's father to serve as Shaykh al-Islām in several important Safavid cities in order to propagate Twelver Shi'ism amongst the population.^[4]

Sheikh Bahāʾī completed his studies in Isfahan. Having intended to travel to Mecca in 1570, he visited many Islamic countries including Iraq, Syria and Egypt and after spending four years there, he returned to Iran.

Sheikh Baha' al-Din died in 1621 in Isfahan. His body was buried in Mashhad according to his will.

Exact dates of birth and death

The exact dates of his birth and death are different on his grave stone and on the ceramic of the walls of the room where he is buried in. ^{[citation needed]}

Date of birth:

• On the ceramics of the wall: 27 February 1547
• On the grave stone: March 1546

Date of death:

• On the ceramics of the wall: 30 August 1621
• On the grave stone: August 1622

The dates on the wall contain day, month and year, while the dates on the grave stone only contain month and year. The ceramics of the wall are made in 1945. It seems that at that time a research is performed about the exact dates, and, therefore, the information about the day is added to the dates.^{[citation needed]}

Pen name

According to Baháʼí Faith scholar ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari, Sheikh Baha' al-Din adopted the pen name (takhallus) 'Baha' after being inspired by words of Shi'a Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (the fifth Imam) and Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (the sixth Imam), who had stated that the Greatest Name of God was included in either Du'ay-i-Sahar or Du'ay-i-Umm-i-Davud. In the first verse of the Du'ay-i-Sahar, a dawn prayer for the Ramadan, the name "Bahá" appears four times: "Allahumma inni as 'aluka min Bahá' ika bi Abháh va kulla Bahá' ika Bahí".^[5]

Astronomy and mathematics

Manuscript of The Summa of Arithmetics

His interest in the sciences is also apparent by some of his works and treaties, although many of his astronomical treatises are yet to be studied.^[1] He probably have written 17 tracts and books on astronomy and related subjects. The following are some his works in astronomy:

• Risālah dar ḥall-i ishkāl-i ʿuṭārid wa qamar (Treatise on the problems of the Moon and Mercury), on attempting to solve inconsistencies of the Ptolemaic system within the context of Islamic astronomy.
• Tashrīḥ al-aflāk (Anatomy of the celestial spheres), a summary of theoretical astronomy where he affirms the view that supports the positional rotation of the Earth. He was one of Islamic astronomers to advocate the feasibility of the Earth's rotation in the 16th century, independent of Western influences. ^[1]
• Kholasat al-Hesab (The summa of arithmetic) was translated into German by G. H. F. Nesselmann and was published as early as 1843.^[6]

Manuscript of the Anatomy of Celestial Spheres

Architecture

Sheikh Baha' al-Din was known for his proficiency in mathematics, architecture and geometry. A number of architectural and engineering designs are attributed to him, but none can be substantiated with sources.^[1] He is credited with designing the canal network of the Zayanderud river and a heating system for an Isfahan public bath that used a single candle.^[1] Some of his designs may have included the Naqsh-e Jahan Square and Charbagh Avenue in Isfahan.^[7]

Shia jurisprudence

Sheikh Bahai (center left) meeting Shah Abbas (center right) by Muhammad Ismail Isfahani

In the Twelver tradition, Sheikh Bahai is regarded as a leading scholar of his age and a mujaddid of the seventeenth century.^[6] His erudition won him the admiration of Shah Abbas, and he was appointed the Sheikh ul-Islam of Isfahan after the death of the previous incumbent.^[6] He composed works on tafsir, hadith, grammar and fiqh (jurisprudence).^[6]

Mysticism

Illustrated manuscript of Nan wa Halwa

Sheikh Baha' al-Din was also an adept of mysticism. He had a distinct Sufi leaning for which he was criticized by Mohammad Baqer Majlesi.^[6] During his travels he dressed like a Dervish^[6] and frequented Sufi circles.^[6] He also appears in the chain of both the Nurbakhshi and Ni'matullāhī Sufi orders.^[6] In the work called "Resāla fi’l-waḥda al-wojūdīya" (Exposition of the concept of Wahdat al-Wujud (Unity of Existences), he states that the Sufis are the true believers,^[6] calls for an unbiased assessment of their utterances,^[6] and refers to his own mystical experiences.^[6] Both his Persian and Arabic poetry is also replete with mystical allusions and symbols.^[6] At the same time, Sheikh Baha' al-Din calls for strict adherence to the Sharia as a prerequisite for embarking on the Tariqah^[6] and did not hold a high view of antinomian mysticism.^[6]

Works

A manuscript by Sheikh Bahai

Sheikh Baha' al-Din contributed numerous works in philosophy, logic, astronomy and mathematics. His works include over 100 articles, epistles and books. Sheikh Baha' al-Din also composed poems in Persian and Arabic. His outstanding works in the Persian language are Jame-e Abbasi and two masnavis (rhymed couplets) by the names of Shīr u Shakar ("Milk and Sugar") and Nān u Halwā ("Bread and Halva").^{[citation needed]}

His other important work is the Kashkūl, which includes stories, news, scientific topics, Persian and Arabic proverbs.

He also wrote Khulāṣat al-ḥisāb (Arabic: خلاصة الحساب, lit. "Essentials of arithmetic"), an Arabic textbook that became popular throughout the Islamic world from Egypt to India until the 19th century. It was translated into German in Berlin by G. H. F. Nesselmann and published in 1843. A French translation appeared later 1854.^[1]

Other works

• Meklāt (in Arabic)
• Kashkūl (in Persian and Arabic) (کشکول)
• Tūtī-Nāmah (in Persian) (طوطی نامه)
• Nān u Panīr (in Persian) (نان و پنیر)
• Shīr u Shakar (in Persian) (شیر و شکر)
• Nān u Halwā (in Persian and Arabic) (نان و حلوا)
• Jame-e Abbasi (in Persian) (جامع عباسی)
• Tashrīḥ Al-Aflāk (in Arabic) (تشريح الأفلاك)
• Al-fawayid as-Samadiah (in Arabic)
• Mashriq al-Shamsayn wa Iksīr al-Sa'adatayn (in Arabic) (مشرق الشمسين وإكسير السعادتين)
• Al-Athnā' Ash'ariyyah (in Arabic) (الأثناء عشرية)
• Zubdat al-Usūl (in Arabic) (زبدة الأصول)

See also

• Sheikhbahaee University in Isfahan, which was named in his honor.