St. Peter's Colony

The St. Peter's Colony was a British colony established in 1713 on the islands of Saint Pierre, Miquelon and Langlade, off the island of Newfoundland, which today forms the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

St. Peter's Colony
1713–1815
Flag
Map of Newfoundland, including the St. Peter's Colony to the south (1746)
Status	Colony of Great Britain (1713–1763) Colony of the United Kingdom (1778–1815)
Official languages	English
Minority languages	French
Religion	Church of England
Monarch
• 1714–1727	George I (first)
• 1760–1820	George III (last)
Governor
History
• Treaty of Utrecht	1713
• With the Treaty of Paris, the archipelago returned to France.	1763
• Because of France's participation in the American Revolutionary War, Newfoundland Colony attacked the islands and deported its inhabitants.	1778
• France regained the islands	1783
• During the War of the First Coalition, the British army, from Halifax, attacked the islands and took possession	1793
• Treaty of Amiens and second abdication of Napoleon	1815
Area
• Total	25 km2 (9.7 sq mi)
Currency	Newfoundland pound
Preceded by Succeeded by Terre-Neuve (New France) Kingdom of France Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Today part of	France Saint Pierre and Miquelon

In 1763, France officially recovered the archipelago under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, before losing it again with its entry into the American War of Independence.^[1]

France finally reclaimed the archipelago in 1815, a century after the Treaty of Utrecht.^[2]

History

Fifty years of British control (1713–1763)

In 1713, under the Peace of Utrecht ending the War of the Spanish Succession, France lost all its possessions on the island of Newfoundland (in French: Colonie de Terre-Neuve), including the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. However, it retained exclusive fishing rights on the French Shore of Newfoundland.

After taking control of the islands, the British changed the name of Saint-Pierre to "St. Peter's". The British government commissioned two surveys of its new possessions between 1714 and 1716. Newfoundland merchant and planter William Taverner surveys the area west of Placentia Bay for the British Board of Trade. The British Admiralty commissioned Lieutenant John Gaudy to map the area in 1716.^[1]

During the early years of British domination of the archipelago, ships from Brittany, and more specifically from Saint-Malo, continued to dock at St. Peter's. This illegal trade soon disappeared. British and Anglo-American merchants gradually made their appearance. They opened business premises and pushed the French merchants to leave.^[3]

By the 1760s, British merchants owned a number of houses, warehouses and fishing facilities in St. Peter's. The island of Miquelon was granted in its entirety in 1722 to a resident of the province of Massachusetts Bay, before being sold to men from the province of New Hampshire in the 1750s.^[3]

Return of French administration (1763–1778)

In 1763, following the Treaty of Paris which ended the Seven Years' War, France ceded all its North American possessions to Great Britain. It nevertheless retained fishing rights on the coast of Newfoundland, known as the French Shore, as well as a retrocession of Saint Pierre and Miquelon archipelago.^[4]

Half a century of wars and attacks (1778–1816)

After France entered the American Revolutionary War on the side of the United States, the archipelago was recaptured from Nova Scotia (the former colony of Acadia) by British forces in 1778. Over a five-year period, Great Britain destroyed all colonial settlements in Saint Pierre and Miquelon and deported nearly 2,000 settlers to France.^[5]

In 1783, France regained control of the islands.^[1]

In 1793, during the French Revolution, the United Kingdom once again landed on the island of Saint Pierre. It deported the French settlers and tried to establish a community of British colonists for three years, before being attacked by the French Navy in 1796.^[6]

The Treaty of Amiens allowed France to regain possession of the island in 1802, but only for a few months, until the British returned to the island after hostilities resumed in 1803. The British occupied the archipelago until Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. The Treaty of Paris returned Saint Pierre and Miquelon to France under the First Restoration, before it was again occupied by the British with Napoleon's return to France during the Hundred Days.^[6]

The British occupation of the Saint Pierre and Miquelon archipelago came to a definitive end in 1815. France found the islands uninhabited, with destroyed or dilapidated structures and buildings.^[1][6][2]