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Stanley Krippner
American parapsychologist From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Stanley Krippner (born October 4, 1932)[1] is an American psychologist and parapsychologist. He received a B.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1954 and M.A. (1957) and Ph.D. (1961) degrees from Northwestern University.[2]
From 1972 to 2019, he was an executive faculty member and the Alan Watts Professor of Psychology at Saybrook University in Oakland, California.[3][4] Formerly, Krippner was director of the Kent State University Child Study Center (1961-1964) and director of the Maimonides Medical Center Dream Research Laboratory in Brooklyn, New York (1964-1972).[3]
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Biography
Krippner has written extensively on altered states of consciousness, dream telepathy, hypnosis, shamanism, dissociation, and parapsychological subjects.[3][4][5] Krippner was an early leader in Division 32 of the American Psychological Association (APA), the division concerned with humanistic psychology, serving as President of the division from 1980–1981.[6] He also served as president of division 30, the Society for Psychological Hypnosis, and is a Fellow of five APA divisions.[7] Krippner has conducted experiments with Montague Ullman into dream telepathy at the Maimonides Medical Center.[3] In 2002, Krippner won the APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology.[4][8]
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Maimonides ESP Dream Studies
The dream laboratory at the Maimonides Medical Centre was established in 1962, and Krippner joined the staff in 1964 as the first dream telepathy studies were commencing.[9] The design of the first experiment had already been established at this point, by Montague Ullman and Sol Feldstein.[9] In total Krippner, Ullman and Alan Vaughan list ten dream telepathy experiments in their 1973 book Dream Telepathy, beginning with the first screening study in the summer of 1964[10] and ending with "The Second Bessant Study".[11]
All ten experiments involved an 'agent' who would attempt to transmit the contents of an image to the sleeping target, usually an art print. Krippner, Ullman and Vaughan concluded that the majority of these studies produced statistically significant results, with the exception of three which did not.[11] One of the better known studies involved a single subject, dream researcher Robert Van de Castle, and took place over 8 discontinuous nights over the course of 1967.[12] This is the experiment which was later detailed and criticized by C. E. M. Hansel (see 'Reception' below).
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Collaboration with the Grateful Dead
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Krippner was introduced to Mickey Hart, one of the drummers for the Grateful Dead, at a birthday party for Alla Rakha in New York in 1967.[13][14] Hart wanted to ask him about hypnosis, and its potential to improve his drumming. This meeting led to a long relationship between Krippner and the band. Krippner would hypnotize Hart and fellow drummer Bill Kreutzmann, in order to help them better sync their drumming.[15] In 1971, the Grateful Dead collaborated with Krippner on a series of six "ESP Shows" at the Capitol Theatre in New York.[16] At some point during the concert, slides projected on a screen above the stage would advertise to concertgoers that “YOU ARE ABOUT TO PARTICIPATE IN AN ESP EXPERIMENT”, then show them a picture and encourage them to use ESP to send the picture to a man named Malcolm Bessent, sleeping at the Maimonides lab 45 miles away.[15][17] Krippner published the results of these "experiments" in an article titled An experiment in dream telepathy with "The Grateful Dead" in the Journal of the American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine.[17] A pair of judges were asked to match each of Bessent's six dream reports against each of the 6 images shown to the concert crowd, and score the similarity out of 100. Krippner reported in his article that the "correct" pairs received the highest ratings for 4 of the 6 images.[17]
Reception
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Dream telepathy
In 1973, Krippner co-authored a book Dream Telepathy with Montague Ullman and Alan Vaughan, which detailed among other studies the results of dream telepathy experiments he conducted along with other researchers at Maimonides Medical Center.[18] The summary of the Maimonides chapter concludes that the "procedure produced statistically significant results indicating the telepathic effects had been produced in the subjects' dreams".[19] Krippner followed this book up with other writings on the Maimonides experiments, for example a 1993 article in the Journal of Parapsychology.[20] The experiments have not been independently replicated.[21][22][23][24][25] In a review of the research published in American Psychologist,[26] professor Irwin Child, former head of the Department of Psychology at Yale University, concluded that 'the tendency toward hits rather than misses cannot reasonably be ascribed to chance'. But this favorable commentary has been criticized by a number of reviews and respondents, who argued that Krippner's work like most parapsychology severely lacked in rigor and instituting proper controls against bias.[23][27][28]
In 1985, psychologist C. E. M. Hansel criticized the picture target experiments that were conducted by Krippner and Ullman. According to Hansel, there were weaknesses in the design of the experiments in the way in which the agent became aware of their target picture. Only the agent should have known the target and no other person until the judging of targets had been completed, however, an experimenter was with the agent when the target envelope was opened. Hansel also wrote there had been poor controls in the experiment as the main experimenter could communicate with the subject.[29] In 2002, Krippner denied Hansel's accusations claiming the agent did not communicate with the experimenter.[30]
An attempt to replicate the experiments that used picture targets was carried out by Edward Belvedere and David Foulkes. The finding was that neither the subject nor the judges matched the targets with dreams above chance level.[31] Results from other experiments by Belvedere and Foulkes were also negative.[32]
In 2003, Simon Sherwood and Chris Roe wrote a review that claimed support for dream telepathy at Maimonides.[33] However, James Alcock noted that their review was based on "extreme messiness" of data. Alcock concluded the dream telepathy experiments at Maimonides have failed to provide evidence for telepathy and "lack of replication is rampant."[34] However, in 2017 the same authors, along with Lance Storm, Patrizio E. Tressoldi, Adam J. Rock, and Lorenzo Di Risio, published an expanded meta-analysis of dream studies from 1966-2016, concluding with much the same wording as their 2003 review that "Combined effect sizes for both Maimonides and post-Maimonides studies suggest that judges may be able to use dream mentations to identify target materials correctly more often than would be expected by chance."[35]
Psychics
Krippner has drawn criticism for endorsing the feats of a Russian psychic Nina Kulagina. Science writer Martin Gardner found it surprising that Krippner took interest in Kulagina despite knowing that she was a "charlatan" who was caught on two occasions using tricks to move objects.[36] Krippner took issue with this statement believing it to be an attack on himself and wrote there was "no suggestion of trickery."[37] However, psychologists Jerome Kravitz and Walter Hillabrant have noted that she was "caught cheating more than once by Soviet Establishment scientists."[38] Gardner later commenting on Kulagina stated that she utilized invisible threads to move objects.[39]
Krippner has contributed to and co-edited Future Science: Life Energies and the Physics of Paranormal Phenomena (1977). It included an essay from the parapsychologist Julius Weinberger, who claimed to have communicated with the dead by using a Venus flytrap as the medium. Philosopher Paul Kurtz criticized the book for endorsing pseudoscience.[40]
Magician and noted skeptic Henry Gordon has written:
A reading of Krippner's book, Human Possibilities, published by Doubleday, convinced me that there is a man sincere in his beliefs in the paranormal and bending over backward to be fair and open minded but incredibly naive. In his book he endorses the feats of several psychics who have already been exposed as frauds.[41]
Krippner co-edited and contributed to Debating Psychic Experience (2010). He also co-edited and contributed to Varieties of Anomalous Experience (2013) which has received positive reviews.[42][43]
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Selected Bibliography
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Krippner's writings span around sixty years, beginning in the 1960s. He has both authored and edited titles, as well as contributed chapters to edited volumes. He has written on various topics, including altered states of consciousness, hypnosis, shamanism, dissociation, psychedelics and parapsychological subjects.
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References
External links
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