Straight-line mechanism

A straight-line mechanism is a mechanism that converts any type of rotary or angular motion to perfect or near-perfect straight-line motion, or vice versa. Straight-line motion is linear motion of definite length or "stroke", every forward stroke being followed by a return stroke, giving reciprocating motion. The first such mechanism, patented in 1784 by James Watt, produced approximate straight-line motion, referred to by Watt as parallel motion.

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Straight-line mechanisms are used in a variety of applications, such as engines, vehicle suspensions, walking robots, and rover wheels.^{[citation needed]}

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History

In the late eighteenth century, before the development of the planer and the milling machine, it was extremely difficult to machine straight, flat surfaces. During that era, much thought was given to the problem of attaining a straight-line motion, as this would allow the flat surfaces to be machined. To find a solution to the problem, the first straight-line mechanism was developed by James Watt, for guiding the pistons of early steam engines. Although it does not generate an exact straight line, a good approximation is achieved over a considerable distance of travel.

Perfect straight-line linkages were later discovered in the nineteenth century, but they were not as needed, as by then other techniques for machining had been developed.^{[citation needed]}

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List of linkages

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Approximate straight-line linkages

These mechanisms often use four-bar linkages as they require very few pieces. These four-bar linkages have coupler curves that have one or more regions of approximately perfect straight-line motion. The exception in this list is Watt's parallel motion, which combines Watt's linkage with another four-bar linkage – the pantograph – to amplify the existing approximate straight-line movement.

It is not possible to create perfect straight-line motion using a four-bar linkage, without using a prismatic joint.

Watt's linkage (1784)
Watt's parallel motion (1784)
Evans "Grasshopper" linkage (1801)
Chebyshev linkage
Chebyshev lambda linkage (1878), a cognate linkage of the Chebyshev linkage
Roberts linkage
Horse-head linkage
Hoecken linkage (1926) – requires a sliding joint

Perfect straight-line linkages

Eventually, perfect straight line motion was achieved. The Sarrus linkage was the first perfect linear linkage, made in 1853. However, it is a spatial linkage rather than a planar linkage. The first planar linkage would not be made until 1864.

Currently, all planar linkages which produce perfect linear motion utilize the inversion around a circle to produce a hypothetical circle of infinite radius, which is a line. This is why they are called inversors or inversor cells. The simplest solutions are Hart's W-frame – which use 6-bars – and the quadruplanar inversors – Sylvester-Kempe and Kumara-Kampling, which also use 6-bars.

Sarrus linkage (1853)
Peaucellier-Lipkin inversor (1864)
Hart's first inversor / Hart's antiparallelogram / Hart's W-frame (1874)
Hart's second inversor / Hart's A-frame (1875)
Perrolatz inversor
Kempe's double kite inversors^[1] (1875)
Bricard inversor^[2]
Quadruplanar inversor (1875)

The Scott Russell linkage (1803) translates linear motion through a right angle, but is not a straight-line mechanism in itself. The Grasshopper beam/Evans linkage, an approximate straight-line linkage, and the Bricard linkage, an exact straight-line linkage, share similarities with the Scott Russell linkage and the Trammel of Archimedes.

Compound eccentric mechanisms with elliptical motion

These mechanisms use the principle of a rolling curve instead of a coupler curve and can convert continuous, rather than just limited, rotary motion to reciprocating motion and vice versa via elliptical motion. The straight-line sinusoidal motion produces no second-order inertial forces, which simplifies balancing in high-speed machines.

Cardan straight-line mechanism. Using the principle of the Tusi couple (1247), a spur gear rolls inside an internally toothed ring gear of twice the diameter. The hypocycloid traced by any point on the pitch circle of the smaller gear is a diameter of the larger gear. The mechanism has been used in Murray's Hypocyclic Engine.

Trammel of Archimedes. Originally an ellipsograph. Also known as the double-slider mechanism, it uses the fact that a circle and a straight line are special cases of an ellipse. It is based on much the same kinematic principle as Cardan's straight line mechanism (above) and could be considered as a spur gear with two teeth in a ring gear with four teeth. It has been used in the Baker-Cross engine.^[3] It has been used in inverted form in Parsons' steam engine^[4] and can still be found today in a further inversion as the Oldham coupling. The scotch yoke is sometimes given as an inversion of the Archimedes trammel, but it has only one eccentric or crank with one slider and no parts with elliptical motion.

MultiFAZE is an acronym for Multiple Fixed Axis Shaft Compound Eccentric.

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Gallery

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Perspective

Approximate straight-line linkages

Parts/links of the same color are the same dimensions.

Watt's linkage
Watts parallel-motion linkage
Evans "Grasshopper" linkage
Roberts linkage
Chebyshev linkage
Chebyshev lambda linkage
Chebyshev table linkage
Hoecken's linkage

Perfect straight-line linkages

Parts/links of the same color are the same dimensions.

Sarrus linkage (Bars variant)
Sarrus linkage (Plates variant)
Peaucellier-Lipkin inversor
Harts inversor 1
Harts inversor 2 ^{[Note 1]}
Perrolatz inversor
Kempe kite inversor 1 ^{[Note 1]}
Kempe kite inversor 2 ^{[Note 1]}
Kempe kite inversor 3 ^{[Note 1]}
Scott Russell linkage (slider connection) ^{[Note 1]}
Scott Russell linkage (connected to Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage)
Bricard inversor ^{[Note 1]}
Sylvester-Kempe quadruplanar inversor 1 ^{[Note 1]}
Sylvester-Kempe quadruplanar inversor 2 ^{[Note 1]}
Sylvester-Kempe quadruplanar inversor 3
Kumara-Kampling inversor ^{[Note 1]}

Tusi couple, elliptical motion: versions and inversions

Tusi couple (1247) according to the diagrams in the translation of the copy of Tusi's original description: Small circle rolls within large circle.
Tusi couple according to the translation of the copy of Tusi's original description: Circles rotate in same direction, speed ratio 1:2.
Copernicus' (1473-1543) take on the Tusi couple: Direction of rotation and orbit of moving circle are equal and opposite.
Inversion No. 3
Inversion No. 4
Inversion No. 5 - speed ratio 1:3
Inversion No. 6
Inside-out Tusi couple. The small circle is split into four fixed quadrants. Two 45° arcs of the large circle form the waist of the trammel.
Parsons' mechanism (1877) combines Tusi Inversion No. 2 with an Archimedes trammel. Pistons at A and C balance each other.
Oldham coupling (1821). Slotted ends of two misaligned shafts (black) are coupled by a cross piece (green). Compare with Tusi Inversion No. 4.
Kinematics of the Multiple Fixed Axis Shaft Compound Eccentric (MultiFAZE) mechanism (1982) characterised by parallelograms ABCD.

Compound eccentric mechanisms with elliptical motion

A spur gear with two teeth rolls inside a ring gear with four teeth: Archimedes, Tusi or Cardano?
Cardano's (1501-1576) hypocyclic gears: the red, green and blue pins reciprocate on diameters of the ring gear.
Three Archimedes (287~212 BC) trammels on a triangular rotor showing the circular orbit of the trammel midpoints.
MultiFAZE mechanism (1982) in a 60° X4 engine with yokes, and rotary counterweights for full balance.
MultiFAZE mechanism (1982) in a 90° X4 engine with crossheads, trammel gears, and reciprocating balance weights/sliders.
Stiller-Smith 90° X4 2T floating cantilever crank engine (1984) with MultiFAZE eccentric gear train. Wobble and overshoot exaggerated for effect.