House of Suren

House of Suren or Surenas^[1][2] (Parthian: 𐭎𐭅𐭓𐭉𐭍 Surēn, Middle Persian: 𐭮𐭥𐭫𐭩𐭭) is one of two^[c] Parthian noble families explicitly mentioned by name in sources dateable to the Arsacid period.^[3]

House of Suren
Country	Sakastan
Current head	None, extinct
Members	Surena, Gregory the Illuminator, Chihor-Vishnasp, Mehr Narseh, Mahbod
Estate	Sakastan
Cadet branches	Gondopharids

History

The head of Suren family had the privilege to crown the first Parthian king in the 3rd century BC, which founded a tradition that was continued by his descendants.^[4][3][a] Following the 3rd century AD defeat of the Arsacids and the subsequent rise of the Sassanids, the Surenas then switched sides and began to serve the Sassanids,^[5][6] at whose court they were identified as one of the so-called "Parthian clans." The last attested scion of the family was a military commander active in northern China during the 9th century.^[7]

It is probable^[5] that the Surenas were landowners in Sakastan, that is, in the region between Arachosia and Drangiana in present-day southeast Iran and Southern Afghanistan. The Surenas appear to have governed Sistan (which derives its name from 'Sakastan' and was once a much larger region than the present day province) as their personal fiefdom.^[5]

Notable members of the family include the 1st century BC cavalry commander Surena, Gregory the Illuminator,^[8][9][10] and Chihor-Vishnasp, a 6th-century AD governor of Armenia who attempted to establish Zoroastrianism in that country.^[11]

Mehr Narseh, the minister of four Sasanian kings, was from the House of Suren,^[12] as was Mahbod, who was ambassador during the reigns of Khosrow I (r. 531–579) and Hormizd IV (r. 579–590).^[13]

Gondopharids

The ruling dynasty of the Indo-Parthian kingdom may have belonged to the house of Suren.^[14] "Ernst Herzfeld maintained that the dynasty of [the Indo-Parthian emperor] Gondophares represented the House of Suren."^[15]

Cheshmeh-Ali

In ancient times, the name of Cheshmeh Ali in the city of Rey was likely associated with the Sureni stream, probably named after the noble House of Suren, contemporaneous with the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties.^[16]