Taymanitic

Taymanitic was the language and script of the oasis of Taymāʾ in northwestern Arabia, dated to the second half of the 6th century BC.^[1]

Taymanitic
Region	Taymāʾ
Era	second half of the 6th century BC
Language family	Afroasiatic Semitic West Semitic Central Semitic Northwest Semitic? Taymanitic
Writing system	Ancient North Arabian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	taym1240

Classification

Taymanitic does not participate in the key innovations of Proto-Arabic, precluding it from being considered a member of the Arabic language family. It shares one key isogloss with Northwest Semitic: the change w > y in word-initial position. Examples include yrḫ for *warḫum 'moon, month' and ydʿ for wadaʿa 'to know'.^[2]

It is clear that Taymanitic script expressed a distinct linguistic variety that is not Arabic and not closely related to Hismaic or Safaitic, while it can tentatively be suggested that it was more closely related to Northwest Semitic.^[1]

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[1]

		Bilabial	Alveolar			Palatal	Velar	Pharyn- geal	Glottal
			plain	sibilant	lateral
Nasal		m	n
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	ts			k		ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dz			ɡ
	ejective		tʼ	tsʼ	tɬʼ		kʼ
Fricative	voiceless			s	ɬ		x	ħ	h
	voiced						ɣ	ʕ
Liquid	trill		r
	central				l
Semivowel						j	w

Vowels

Monophthong phonemes

	Short		Long
	Front	Back	Front	Back
Close	i	u	iː	uː
Open	a		aː

There were two diphthongs of a vowel and semivowel: /aj/ and /aw/.^[1]

Characteristics

Taymanitic exhibits two major features which are innovative:^[2]

1. The change w > y in word-initial position: yrḫ for *warḫum 'moon, month' and ydʿ for wadaʿa 'to know'.
2. The mergers *z, *ḏ > *z; *s, *ṯ > *s; and *ṣ, *ṯ̣ > *ṣ (loss of interdentals).

Unlike Arabic, Taymanitic does not exhibit the merger of Proto-Semitic [s] and [ts].