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Ter Sámi
Nearly extinct Uralic language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ter Sámi is the easternmost of the Sámi languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a moribund language; in 2004, only ten speakers were left. By 2011, the number of speakers had decreased to two.[3][1] Other estimates counted about 30 Ter Sámi speakers in Murmansk Oblast, as well as in St. Petersburg, in 2007. The mean age of the youngest Ter Sámi speakers at that time was 50.[4]
Ter
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History
In the end of the 19th century, there were six Ter Sámi villages in the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula, with a total population of approximately 450. In 2004, there were approximately 100 ethnic Ter Sámi of whom two elderly persons speak the language; the rest have shifted their language to Russian.[5]
The rapid decline in the number of speakers was caused by Soviet collectivisation, in the 1930s, and the largest Ter Sámi village, Yokanga, was declared "perspectiveless" and its inhabitants were forced to move to the Gremikha military base.[5]
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Documentation
There are no educational materials or facilities in Ter Sámi, and the language has no standardized orthography. The language is incompletely studied and documented, though text specimens and audio recordings as well as dictionaries for linguistic purposes exist.[6][7]
Phonology
Consonants
- All consonants except for /j/ may be palatalized [ʲ].
- Consonants /t, d/ can also sound as half-palatalized.
Vowels
Writing system
A spelling system for Ter Sámi using the Latin alphabet and based on Skolt Sámi was developed in the 1930s.[9] After the Second World War, this was replaced by a system using the Cyrillic alphabet, and based on Kildin Sámi.[10] This system was used by the Sámi poet Oktyabrina Voronova.[11]
| А а | Ӓ ӓ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж |
| З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | Ӆ ӆ | М м | Ӎ ӎ | Н н |
| Ӊ ӊ | Ӈ ӈ | О о | П п | Р р | Ҏ ҏ | С с | Т т | У у |
| Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ӹ ӹ | Ь ь |
| Ҍ ҍ | Э э | Ӭ ӭ | Ю ю | Я я |
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Morphology
Summarize
Perspective
Ter Sámi has 8 cases, Nominative, Genitive, Accusative, Essive, Inessive-Lative, Dative-Illative, Abessive, and Comitative.[12]
Examples of the genitive
(in the UPA)
abre' paл = raining cloud
pɛci̮ pal'čemi̮š = slaughter of deer
taja oлmi̮j = German inhabitant
tara parnɛ = Russian boys
Plurals
In the nominative case, the base word changes when a plural is made.
The word ku 'who' in the cases.
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Vocabulary
Notes
External links
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