Isotopes of tin - Wikiwand

Tin (₅₀Sn) is the element with the greatest number of naturally abundant isotopes, 10. Seven, ^114-120Sn, are theoretically stable, while the remaining three, ¹¹²Sn, ¹²²Sn, and ¹²⁴Sn, are potentially radioactive (to double beta decay, but have not been observed to decay (observationally stable). This is generally attributed to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, 32 unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (¹⁰⁰Sn) and tin-132 (¹³²Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived of these is tin-126 (¹²⁶Sn), with a half-life about 230,000 years; with all others less than a year and the majority under 20 minutes.

Quick facts Main isotopes, Decay ...

The number of known metastable states is very large, including a long series of low-lying states in odd isotopes from 117 on, which gives two nuclides with a longer life than any ground-state radioisotope other than 126: ^121mSn, half-life 43.9 years, and ^119mSn, half-life 293.1 days.

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List of isotopes

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More information Nuclide, Z ...

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[4] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 4]}			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
⁹⁸Sn^[5]	50	48					0+
⁹⁹Sn^{[n 8]}	50	49	98.94850(63)#	24(4) ms	β⁺ (95%)	⁹⁹In	9/2+#
⁹⁹Sn^{[n 8]}	50	49	98.94850(63)#	24(4) ms	β⁺, p (5%)	⁹⁸Cd	9/2+#
¹⁰⁰Sn^{[n 9]}	50	50	99.93865(26)	1.18(8) s	β⁺ (>83%)	¹⁰⁰In	0+
¹⁰⁰Sn^{[n 9]}	50	50	99.93865(26)	1.18(8) s	β⁺, p (<17%)	⁹⁹Cd	0+
¹⁰¹Sn	50	51	100.93526(32)	2.22(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰¹In	(7/2+)
¹⁰¹Sn	50	51	100.93526(32)	2.22(5) s	β⁺, p?	¹⁰⁰Cd	(7/2+)
¹⁰²Sn	50	52	101.93029(11)	3.8(2) s	β⁺	¹⁰²In	0+
^102mSn	2017(2) keV			367(8) ns	IT	¹⁰²Sn	(6+)
¹⁰³Sn	50	53	102.92797(11)#	7.0(2) s	β⁺ (98.8%)	¹⁰³In	5/2+#
¹⁰³Sn	50	53	102.92797(11)#	7.0(2) s	β⁺, p (1.2%)	¹⁰²Cd	5/2+#
¹⁰⁴Sn	50	54	103.923105(6)	20.8(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁴In	0+
¹⁰⁵Sn	50	55	104.921268(4)	32.7(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁵In	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁵Sn	50	55	104.921268(4)	32.7(5) s	β⁺, p (0.011%)	¹⁰⁴Cd	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁶Sn	50	56	105.916957(5)	1.92(8) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁶In	0+
¹⁰⁷Sn	50	57	106.915714(6)	2.90(5) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁷In	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁸Sn	50	58	107.911894(6)	10.30(8) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁸In	0+
¹⁰⁹Sn	50	59	108.911293(9)	18.1(2) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁹In	5/2+
¹¹⁰Sn	50	60	109.907845(15)	4.154(4) h	EC	¹¹⁰In	0+
¹¹¹Sn	50	61	110.907741(6)	35.3(6) min	β⁺	¹¹¹In	7/2+
^111mSn	254.71(4) keV			12.5(10) μs	IT	¹¹¹Sn	1/2+
¹¹²Sn	50	62	111.9048249(3)	Observationally Stable^{[n 10]}			0+	0.0097(1)
¹¹³Sn	50	63	112.9051759(17)	115.08(4) d	β⁺	¹¹³In	1/2+
^113mSn	77.389(19) keV			21.4(4) min	IT (91.1%)	¹¹³Sn	7/2+
^113mSn	77.389(19) keV			21.4(4) min	β⁺ (8.9%)	¹¹³In	7/2+
¹¹⁴Sn	50	64	113.90278013(3)	Stable			0+	0.0066(1)
^114mSn	3087.37(7) keV			733(14) ns	IT	¹¹⁴Sn	7−
¹¹⁵Sn^{[n 11]}	50	65	114.903344695(16)	Stable			1/2+	0.0034(1)
^115m1Sn	612.81(4) keV			3.26(8) μs	IT	¹¹⁵Sn	7/2+
^115m2Sn	713.64(12) keV			159(1) μs	IT	¹¹⁵Sn	11/2−
¹¹⁶Sn	50	66	115.90174283(10)	Stable			0+	0.1454(9)
^116m1Sn	2365.975(21) keV			348(19) ns	IT	¹¹⁶Sn	5−
^116m2Sn	3547.16(17) keV			833(30) ns	IT	¹¹⁶Sn	10+
¹¹⁷Sn^{[n 11]}	50	67	116.90295404(52)	Stable			1/2+	0.0768(7)
^117m1Sn^{[n 11]}	314.58(4) keV			13.939(24) d	IT	¹¹⁷Sn	11/2−
^117m2Sn	2406.4(4) keV			1.75(7) μs	IT	¹¹⁷Sn	(19/2+)
¹¹⁸Sn^{[n 11]}	50	68	117.90160663(54)	Stable			0+	0.2422(9)
^118m1Sn	2574.91(4) keV			230(10) ns	IT	¹¹⁸Sn	7−
^118m2Sn	3108.06(22) keV			2.52(6) μs	IT	¹¹⁸Sn	(10+)
¹¹⁹Sn^{[n 11]}	50	69	118.90331127(78)	Stable			1/2+	0.0859(4)
^119m1Sn^{[n 11]}	89.531(13) keV			293.1(7) d	IT	¹¹⁹Sn	11/2−
^119m2Sn	2127.0(10) keV			9.6(12) μs	IT	¹¹⁹Sn	(19/2+)
^119m3Sn	2369.0(3) keV			96(9) ns	IT	¹¹⁹Sn	23/2+
¹²⁰Sn^{[n 11]}	50	70	119.90220256(99)	Stable			0+	0.3258(9)
^120m1Sn	2481.63(6) keV			11.8(5) μs	IT	¹²⁰Sn	7−
^120m2Sn	2902.22(22) keV			6.26(11) μs	IT	¹²⁰Sn	10+
¹²¹Sn^{[n 11]}	50	71	120.9042435(11)	27.03(4) h	β⁻	¹²¹Sb	3/2+
^121m1Sn^{[n 11]}	6.31(6) keV			43.9(5) y	IT (77.6%)	¹²¹Sn	11/2−
^121m1Sn^{[n 11]}	6.31(6) keV			43.9(5) y	β⁻ (22.4%)	¹²¹Sb	11/2−
^121m2Sn	1998.68(13) keV			5.3(5) μs	IT	¹²¹Sn	19/2+
^121m3Sn	2222.0(2) keV			520(50) ns	IT	¹²¹Sn	23/2+
^121m4Sn	2833.9(2) keV			167(25) ns	IT	¹²¹Sn	27/2−
¹²²Sn^{[n 11]}	50	72	121.9034455(26)	Observationally Stable^{[n 12]}			0+	0.0463(3)
^122m1Sn	2409.03(4) keV			7.5(9) μs	IT	¹²²Sn	7−
^122m2Sn	2765.5(3) keV			62(3) μs	IT	¹²²Sn	10+
^122m3Sn	4721.2(3) keV			139(9) ns	IT	¹²²Sn	15−
¹²³Sn^{[n 11]}	50	73	122.9057271(27)	129.2(4) d	β⁻	¹²³Sb	11/2−
^123m1Sn	24.6(4) keV			40.06(1) min	β⁻	¹²³Sb	3/2+
^123m2Sn	1944.90(12) keV			7.4(26) μs	IT	¹²³Sn	19/2+
^123m3Sn	2152.66(19) keV			6 μs	IT	¹²³Sn	23/2+
^123m4Sn	2712.47(21) keV			34 μs	IT	¹²³Sn	27/2−
¹²⁴Sn^{[n 11]}	50	74	123.9052796(14)	Observationally Stable^{[n 13]}			0+	0.0579(5)
^124m1Sn	2204.620(23) keV			270(60) ns	IT	¹²⁴Sn	5-
^124m2Sn	2324.96(4) keV			3.1(5) μs	IT	¹²⁴Sn	7−
^124m3Sn	2656.6(3) keV			51(3) μs	IT	¹²⁴Sn	10+
^124m4Sn	4552.4(3) keV			260(25) ns	IT	¹²⁴Sn	15−
¹²⁵Sn^{[n 11]}	50	75	124.9077894(14)	9.634(15) d	β⁻	¹²⁵Sb	11/2−
^125m1Sn	27.50(14) keV			9.77(25) min	β⁻	¹²⁵Sb	3/2+
^125m2Sn	1892.8(3) keV			6.2(2) μs	IT	¹²⁵Sn	19/2+
^125m3Sn	2059.5(4) keV			650(60) ns	IT	¹²⁵Sn	23/2+
^125m4Sn	2623.5(5) keV			230(17) ns	IT	¹²⁵Sn	27/2−
¹²⁶Sn^{[n 14]}	50	76	125.907658(11)	2.30(14)×10⁵ y	β⁻	^126m1Sb^[6]	0+	< 10⁻¹⁴^[7]
^126m1Sn	2218.99(8) keV			6.1(7) μs	IT	¹²⁶Sn	7−
^126m2Sn	2564.5(5) keV			7.6(3) μs	IT	¹²⁶Sn	10+
^126m3Sn	4347.4(4) keV			114(2) ns	IT	¹²⁶Sn	15−
¹²⁷Sn	50	77	126.9103917(99)	2.10(4) h	β⁻	¹²⁷Sb	11/2−
^127m1Sn	5.07(6) keV			4.13(3) min	β⁻	¹²⁷Sb	3/2+
^127m2Sn	1826.67(16) keV			4.52(15) μs	IT	¹²⁷Sn	19/2+
^127m3Sn	1930.97(17) keV			1.26(15) μs	IT	¹²⁷Sn	(23/2+)
^127m4Sn	2552.4(10) keV			250(30) ns	IT	¹²⁷Sn	(27/2−)
¹²⁸Sn	50	78	127.910508(19)	59.07(14) min	β⁻	¹²⁸Sb	0+
^128m1Sn	2091.50(11) keV			6.5(5) s	IT	¹²⁸Sn	7−
^128m2Sn	2491.91(17) keV			2.91(14) μs	IT	¹²⁸Sn	10+
^128m3Sn	4099.5(4) keV			220(30) ns	IT	¹²⁸Sn	(15−)
¹²⁹Sn	50	79	128.913482(19)	2.23(4) min	β⁻	¹²⁹Sb	3/2+
^129m1Sn	35.15(5) keV			6.9(1) min	β⁻	¹²⁹Sb	11/2−
^129m2Sn	1761.6(10) keV			3.49(11) μs	IT	¹²⁹Sn	(19/2+)
^129m3Sn	1802.6(10) keV			2.22(13) μs	IT	¹²⁹Sn	23/2+
^129m4Sn	2552.9(11) keV			221(18) ns	IT	¹²⁹Sn	(27/2−)
¹³⁰Sn	50	80	129.9139745(20)	3.72(7) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Sb	0+
^130m1Sn	1946.88(10) keV			1.7(1) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Sb	7−
^130m2Sn	2434.79(12) keV			1.501(17) μs	IT	¹³⁰Sn	(10+)
¹³¹Sn	50	81	130.917053(4)	56.0(5) s	β⁻	¹³¹Sb	3/2+
^131m1Sn	65.1(3) keV			58.4(5) s	β⁻	¹³¹Sb	11/2−
^131m1Sn	65.1(3) keV			58.4(5) s	IT?	¹³¹Sn	11/2−
^131m2Sn	4670.0(4) keV			316(5) ns	IT	¹³¹Sn	(23/2−)
¹³²Sn	50	82	131.9178239(21)	39.7(8) s	β⁻	¹³²Sb	0+
^132mSn	4848.52(20) keV			2.080(16) μs	IT	¹³²Sn	8+
¹³³Sn	50	83	132.9239138(20)	1.37(7) s	β⁻ (99.97%)	¹³³Sb	7/2−
¹³³Sn	50	83	132.9239138(20)	1.37(7) s	β⁻n (.0294%)	¹³²Sb	7/2−
¹³⁴Sn	50	84	133.928680(3)	0.93(8) s	β⁻ (83%)	¹³⁴Sb	0+
¹³⁴Sn	50	84	133.928680(3)	0.93(8) s	β⁻n (17%)	¹³³Sb	0+
^134mSn	1247.4(5) keV			87(8) ns	IT	¹³⁴Sn	6+
¹³⁵Sn	50	85	134.934909(3)	515(5) ms	β⁻ (79%)	¹³⁵Sb	7/2−#
					β⁻n (21%)	¹³⁴Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³³Sb
¹³⁶Sn	50	86	135.93970(22)#	355(18) ms	β⁻ (72%)	¹³⁶Sb	0+
					β⁻n (28%)	¹³⁵Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁴Sb
¹³⁷Sn	50	87	136.94616(32)#	249(15) ms	β⁻ (52%)	¹³⁷Sb	5/2−#
					β⁻n (48%)	¹³⁶Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁵Sb
¹³⁸Sn	50	88	137.95114(43)#	148(9) ms	β⁻ (64%)	¹³⁸Sb	0+
					β⁻n (36%)	¹³⁷Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁶Sb
^138mSn	1344(2) keV			210(45) ns	IT	¹³⁸Sn	(6+)
¹³⁹Sn	50	89	138.95780(43)#	120(38) ms	β⁻	¹³⁹Sb	5/2−#
					β⁻n?	¹³⁸Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁷Sb
¹⁴⁰Sn	50	90	139.96297(32)#	50# ms [>550 ns]	β⁻?	¹⁴⁰Sb	0+
					β⁻n?	¹³⁹Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁸Sb
This table header & footer: view

[n 1]
^mSn – Excited nuclear isomer.
[n 2]
( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
[n 3]
# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
[n 4]
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
[n 5]
Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
[n 6]
Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
[n 7]
( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
[n 8]
Heaviest known nuclide with more protons than neutrons
[n 9]
Heaviest nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons with no observed α decay
[N 10]
Believed to decay by β⁺β⁺ to ¹¹²Cd
[N 11]
Fission product
[N 12]
Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²²Te
[N 13]
Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²⁴Te with a half-life over 1×10¹⁷ years
[N 14]
Long-lived fission product

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Tin-117m

Tin-117m is a radioisotope of tin. One of its uses is in a particulate suspension to treat canine synovitis (radiosynoviorthesis).^[8]

Tin-121m

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Medium-lived fission products
v
t
e
Nuclide	t_1⁄2	Yield	Q^{[a 1]}	βγ
	(a)	(%)^{[a 2]}	(keV)
¹⁵⁵Eu	4.74	0.0803^{[a 3]}	252	βγ
⁸⁵Kr	10.73	0.2180^{[a 4]}	687	βγ
^113mCd	13.9	0.0008^{[a 3]}	316	β
⁹⁰Sr	28.91	4.505	2826^{[a 5]}	β
¹³⁷Cs	30.04	6.337	1176	βγ
^121mSn	43.9	0.00005	390	βγ
¹⁵¹Sm	94.6	0.5314^{[a 3]}	77	β
[a 1] Decay energy is split among β, neutrino, and γ if any. [a 2] Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of ²³⁵U and 35 of ²³⁹Pu. [a 3] Neutron poison; in thermal reactors most is destroyed by further neutron capture. [a 4] Less than 1/4 of mass-85 fission products as most bypass ground state: Br-85 -> Kr-85m -> Rb-85. [a 5] Has decay energy 546 keV; its decay product Y-90 has decay energy 2.28 MeV with weak gamma branching.

Tin-121m (^121mSn) is a nuclear isomer of tin with a half-life of 43.9 years, making it technically a medium-lived fission product.

In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste. Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides will produce it at higher yields. For example, its yield from uranium-235 is 0.0007% per thermal fission and 0.002% per fast fission.^[9]

Tin-126

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Long-lived fission products
v
t
e
Nuclide	t_1⁄2	Yield	Q^{[a 1]}	βγ
	(Ma)	(%)^{[a 2]}	(keV)
⁹⁹Tc	0.211	6.1385	294	β
¹²⁶Sn	0.23	0.1084	4050^{[a 3]}	βγ
⁷⁹Se	0.33	0.0447	151	β
¹³⁵Cs	1.33	6.9110^{[a 4]}	269	β
⁹³Zr	1.61	5.4575	91	βγ
¹⁰⁷Pd	6.5	1.2499	33	β
¹²⁹I	16.1	0.8410	194	βγ
[a 1] Decay energy is split among β, neutrino, and γ if any. [a 2] Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of ²³⁵U and 35 of ²³⁹Pu. [a 3] Has decay energy 380 keV, but its decay product ¹²⁶Sb has decay energy 3.67 MeV. [a 4] Lower in thermal reactors because ¹³⁵Xe, its predecessor, readily absorbs neutrons.

Tin-126 is a radioisotope of tin and one of the only seven long-lived fission products. While tin-126's half-life of 230,000 years means a relatively low specific activity, its short-lived decay products, two isomers of antimony-126, emit a cascade of hard gamma radiation - at least 3 photons above 400 keV per decay - before reaching stable tellurium-126, making it a possible external exposure hazard, which the other long-lived fission products are not by comparison.

Tin-126 is in the middle of the mass range for fission products, so its yield is fairly low (but still dominates that for the element tin). Fission of the common fuels such as ²³⁵U and ²³⁹Pu into unequal halves is preferred, especially with thermal neutrons, as used in almost all current nuclear power plants.

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More information Thermal, Fast ...

Yield, % per fission^[9]
	Thermal	Fast	14 MeV
²³²Th	not fissile	0.0481 ± 0.0077	0.87 ± 0.20
²³³U	0.224 ± 0.018	0.278 ± 0.022	1.92 ± 0.31
²³⁵U	0.056 ± 0.004	0.0137 ± 0.001	1.70 ± 0.14
²³⁸U	not fissile	0.054 ± 0.004	1.31 ± 0.21
²³⁹Pu	0.199 ± 0.016	0.26 ± 0.02	2.02 ± 0.22
²⁴¹Pu	0.082 ± 0.019	0.22 ± 0.03	?

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List of isotopes

Tin-117m

Tin-121m

Tin-126

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