Soleidae

This article is about soles of the family Soleidae. For soles of all families, see sole (fish).

The true soles are a family, Soleidae, of flatfishes. It includes saltwater and brackish water species in the East Atlantic, Indian Ocean, West and Central Pacific Ocean, and the Mediterranean sea. Freshwater species are found in Africa, southern Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. Many soles are important food species: the common sole, Solea solea, is popular in northern Europe and the Mediterranean.

Soles Temporal range: Ypresian–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Sand sole, Pegusa lascaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Carangiformes
Suborder:	Pleuronectoidei
Family:	Soleidae Bonaparte, 1832
Genera[1]
See text

Taxonomy

In the past, soles of the Americas (both fresh and salt water) were included in this family, but they have been separated to their own family, the American soles (Achiridae). The only true sole remaining in that region is Aseraggodes herrei of the Galápagos and Cocos Island.^[2]

Classification

The following genera are placed in this family:^[3]

• Achiroides
• Aesopia
• Aseraggodes
• Austroglossus
• Barnardichthys
• Bathysolea
• Brachirus
• Buglossidium
• Dagetichthys
• Dexillus
• Dicologlossa
• Heteromycteris
• Leptachirus
• Liachirus
• Microchirus
• Monochirus
• Paradicula
• Pardachirus
• Pegusa
• Phyllichthys
• Pseudaesopia
• Rendahlia
• Rhinosolea
• Solea
• Soleichthys
• Synaptura
• Synapturichthys
• Synclidopus
• Typhlachirus
• Vanstraelenia
• Zebrias

Evolution

The earliest known fossil remains of soles are indeterminate otoliths from the Early Eocene-aged London Clay. During the Middle Eocene (Lutetian), the first fossil skeletons of soles are known in Eobuglossus and Turahbuglossus from Egypt.^[4] Other fossil soles include †Oligosolea Kovalchuk et al., 2025 from the Early Oligocene of Poland, and †Parasolea Schwarzhans et al., 2017 from the Middle Miocene of Croatia.^[5][6]

Ecology

The true soles are bottom-dwelling fishes feeding on small crustaceans and other invertebrates. The family contains 30 genera and a total of about 180 species.

A flatfish resembling a small halibut or sole was observed by the bathyscaphe Trieste at the bottom of the Mariana Trench at a depth around 11 km (36,000 ft).^[7] This observation has been questioned by fish experts, and recent authorities do not recognize it as valid.^[8]

Life history

Soles begin life as bilaterally symmetric larvae, with an eye on each side of the head, but during development, the left eye moves around onto the right side of the head. Adult soles lie on their left (blind) sides on the sea floor, often covered in mud, which in combination with their dark colours, makes them hard to spot.

• 
  Unicorn sole, Aesopia cornuta
• 
  Solenette, Buglossidium luteum
• 
  Common sole, Solea solea
• 
  Freshwater sole, Brachirus panoides